Pre-adult aggression and its long-term behavioural consequences in crickets
Pre-adult aggression and its long-term behavioural consequences in crickets
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0230743
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发表时间：
2020-03-26
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Stevenson, Paul A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Balsam, Julia S.;Stevenson, Paul A.
社会经验，特别是攻击性，被认为是同一物种和性别的动物之间一致的个体间行为差异的主要决定因素。我们调查了成年前的侵略经验对未来的行为在男性，最后一个龄期的蟋蟀Gryllus bimaculatus的影响。我们发现，在持续时间和升级方面，男性青少年之间的攻击性互动远不如成年人激烈。这似乎反映了不成熟的感觉器官释放侵略，而不是电机系统控制it.First，比较的行为反应的机械触角刺激，使用新鲜切下的，未经处理的和己烷洗的触角取自的触角和成人，表明，触角既不响应，也不产生性别特异性表皮化学信息素重要的释放侵略行为的成人。其次，用章鱼胺激动剂杀虫脒形式治疗至少可以部分弥补这一不足。成年人在胜利后会变得非常好斗，但在失败后会变得顺从，与此形成进一步对比的是，这种赢家和输家效应在成年人中并不明显。蟋蟀之间的侵略性竞争似乎对蟋蟀未来的行为没有影响。雄性蜥蜴经常受到成年雄性的攻击，但不会受到成年雌性的攻击。此外，在成年雄性存在或不存在的情况下对成年雄性的观察表明，成年雄性的社会征服导致成年雄性的攻击性降低，探索行为压抑。我们的结论是，社会征服的成年人在成年前的发展过程中的蟋蟀是一个主要的决定因素一致的个体间的行为差异成年蟋蟀。
Social experience, particularly aggression, is considered a major determinant of consistent inter-individual behavioural differences between animals of the same species and sex. We investigated the influence of pre-adult aggressive experience on future behaviour in male, last instar nymphs of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. We found that aggressive interactions between male nymphs are far less fierce than for adults in terms of duration and escalation. This appears to reflect immaturity of the sensory apparatus for releasing aggression, rather than the motor system controlling it. First, a comparison of the behavioural responses of nymphs and adults to mechanical antennal stimulation using freshly excised, untreated and hexane-washed antennae taken from nymphs and adults, indicate that nymphs neither respond to nor produce sex-specific cuticular semiochemicals important for releasing aggressive behaviour in adults. Second, treatment with the octopamine agonist chlordime-form could at least partially compensate for this deficit. In further contrast to adults, which become hyper-aggressive after victory, but submissive after defeat, such winner and loser effects are not apparent in nymphs. Aggressive competition between nymphs thus appears to have no consequence for future behaviour in crickets. Male nymphs are often attacked by adult males, but not by adult females. Furthermore, observations of nymphs raised in the presence, or absence of adult males, revealed that social subjugation by adult males leads to reduced aggressiveness and depressed exploratory behaviour when the nymphs become adult. We conclude that social subjugation by adults during pre-adult development of nymphs is a major determinant of consistent inter-individual behavioural differences in adult crickets.