Dependence of the Startle Response on Temporal and Spectral Characteristics of Acoustic Modulatory Influences in Rats and Gerbils.
Dependence of the Startle Response on Temporal and Spectral Characteristics of Acoustic Modulatory Influences in Rats and Gerbils.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00133
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Gaese BH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Steube N;Nowotny M;Pilz PK;Gaese BH
声惊吓反应 (ASR) 及其通过非惊吓前脉冲的调节，在惊吓刺激之前不久出现，是一种广泛应用的测试范式，用于确定与听觉或精神疾病相关的神经处理变化。通过背景噪声间隙作为预脉冲进行调制特别用于耳鸣评估。然而，预脉冲的时间和频率相关方面尚未完全了解。本研究旨在研究调节大鼠和沙鼠 ASR 的声刺激的时间和频谱特征。对于突发噪声预脉冲，沙鼠的抑制在 4 至 18 kHz 的测试范围内与频率无关。大鼠中突发噪声的前脉冲抑制（PPI）在可比范围（8-22 kHz）内恒定，但在该范围之外较低。对间隙前脉冲的前脉冲-惊吓相互作用的纯粹时间方面进行了研究，主要关注间隙持续时间。虽然非常短的间隙对 ASR 没有（大鼠）或轻微的促进（沙鼠）影响，但较长的间隙总是具有很强的抑制作用。对于大鼠和沙鼠来说，抑制作用随着持续时间长达 75 毫秒而增加，并且在持续时间长达 1000 毫秒时仍保持高水平的抑制。确定频谱对间隙预脉冲抑制 (gap-PPI) 的影响表明，沙鼠在测试的有限频率范围 (4-18 kHz) 内不受影响。对大鼠进行的更详细的分析揭示了多种频率依赖性效应。纯音背景中的间隙在较宽的频率范围（4-32 kHz）内引起恒定且高度的抑制（约 75%）。另一方面，对于噪声频带中的间隙，发现了明显的频率依赖性：较低频率（6-14 kHz）的抑制约为 50%，高频（16-20 kHz）的抑制约为 70%。正如对潜在惊吓幅度的详细分析所揭示的那样，大鼠中的这种频率依赖性模式具体是由间隙的抑制作用引起的。最后，时间和频谱影响的相互作用导致在所有测试频率下 500 毫秒间隙的抑制高于 75 毫秒间隙的抑制。基于这些结果的改进的前脉冲范式非常适合量化中枢处理障碍的后果。
The acoustic startle response (ASR) and its modulation by non-startling prepulses, presented shortly before the startle-eliciting stimulus, is a broadly applied test paradigm to determine changes in neural processing related to auditory or psychiatric disorders. Modulation by a gap in background noise as a prepulse is especially used for tinnitus assessment. However, the timing and frequency-related aspects of prepulses are not fully understood. The present study aims to investigate temporal and spectral characteristics of acoustic stimuli that modulate the ASR in rats and gerbils. For noise-burst prepulses, inhibition was frequency-independent in gerbils in the test range between 4 and 18 kHz. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) by noise-bursts in rats was constant in a comparable range (8–22 kHz), but lower outside this range. Purely temporal aspects of prepulse–startle-interactions were investigated for gap-prepulses focusing mainly on gap duration. While very short gaps had no (rats) or slightly facilitatory (gerbils) influence on the ASR, longer gaps always had a strong inhibitory effect. Inhibition increased with durations up to 75 ms and remained at a high level of inhibition for durations up to 1000 ms for both, rats and gerbils. Determining spectral influences on gap-prepulse inhibition (gap-PPI) revealed that gerbils were unaffected in the limited frequency range tested (4–18 kHz). The more detailed analysis in rats revealed a variety of frequency-dependent effects. Gaps in pure-tone background elicited constant and high inhibition (around 75%) over a broad frequency range (4–32 kHz). For gaps in noise-bands, on the other hand, a clear frequency-dependency was found: inhibition was around 50% at lower frequencies (6–14 kHz) and around 70% at high frequencies (16–20 kHz). This pattern of frequency-dependency in rats was specifically resulting from the inhibitory effect by the gaps, as revealed by detailed analysis of the underlying startle amplitudes. An interaction of temporal and spectral influences, finally, resulted in higher inhibition for 500 ms gaps than for 75 ms gaps at all frequencies tested. Improved prepulse paradigms based on these results are well suited to quantify the consequences of central processing disorders.