GERMINATION OF THE RED SPRUCE.
GERMINATION OF THE RED SPRUCE.
复制标题
红云杉的发芽。
作者：
H. Baldwin
自从林业在美国东北部首次成为讨论的主题以来，没有一个问题像美国东北部和加拿大东南部的云杉林和冷杉林的自然再生产问题那样受到人们的关注更长，也更频繁。吉福德·平肖（GIFFORD PINCHOT）和亨利·S·S（HENRY S）的先驱林业工作很早就引起了人们的兴趣。1895年至1896年，阿迪朗达克山脉的坟墓，以及基于这些森林利用的纸张和纸浆工业的非凡增长。直到最近，这种利用一直在以不断增长的速度继续下去，实际上比解决森林替代问题的进展更快。北方新英格兰和新约克的大部分地区的大工业和繁荣都依赖于森林中云杉和冷杉的长期存在。虽然硬木在一定程度上被制浆，经济调查表明造纸工业的某些部门，如木材工业，正在向南部和太平洋西北部转移，但对于某些纸浆质量来说，新英格兰云杉无疑总是更受欢迎的。如果没有云杉和冷杉的混合，北方硬木森林的经济价值就会大大降低，对游客的吸引力也会大打折扣，树木繁茂的山坡也不会成为有效的溪流调节器。在35年以来，云杉繁殖首次在这个国家进行了系统的研究，知识的影响因素缓慢增加。我们对云冷杉森林环境的了解要多得多，但很少有人发表关于红云杉（云杉链接）的发芽。研究种子的自然繁殖，应该从考虑种子开始。除了少数例外，这一点尚未做到。然而，如果不彻底了解物种的播种习性和受各种环境因素影响的种子行为，就无法获得对定居现象的真正理解。只有知道了最适宜发芽的条件，造林学家才能计划出最佳的采伐方法来保证这些条件。这里报告的调查是对种子行为的研究。他们并不试图超越萌芽过程本身。然而，必须承认，云杉繁殖的成功往往同样或更多地取决于影响关键的头几个月生存的因素491。
Since forestry first became a subject for discussion in northeastern America, no problem has received attention longer, nor so frequently, as the question of the natural reproduction of the spruce and fir forests of the northeastern UTnited States and southeastern Canada. Interest was early drawn to it by the pioneer forestry work of GIFFORD PINCHOT and HENRY S. GRAVES in the Adirondacks in 1895-1896, and by the extraordinary growth of the paper and pulp industry based on the utilization of these forests. Until recently this utilization has continued at an ever-increasing rate, faster indeed than progress toward solving the problems of forest replacement. A great industry and the prosperity of a large section of northern New England and N-ew York are dependent on the perpetuation of spruce and fir in the forest. While hardwoods are being pulped to some extent, and economic surveys point to a shift of some branches of the paper industry, like the lumber industry before it, to the south and Pacific northwest, yet for certain qualities of pulp New England spruce will doubtless always be preferable (8). Without the admixture of spruce and fir, the forests of northern hardwoods would have far less economic value and would lose much of their charm for the tourist, and the wooded mountain sides would be less effective regulators of stream flow. In the 35 years since spruce reproduction was first studied systematically in this country, knowledge of the factors affecting it has increased slowly. Our understanding of the spruce-fir forest environment is vastly greater, but little has been published on the germination of red spruce (Picea rubra Link.). A study of natural reproduction by seed should start with consideration of the seed. With few exceptions this has not been done. Without a thorough knowledge of the seeding habits of the species and of the behavior of the seed, as influenced by various environmental factors, however, a true understanding of the phenomena of establishment cannot be acquired. Only when the most favorable conditions for germination are known can the silviculturist plan cutting methods best calculated to secure these conditions. The investigations reported here are studies of seed behavior. They do not attempt to go beyond the germination process itself. It must be conceded, however, that the success of spruce reproduction is often as much or more dependent on factors affecting survival during the critical first months 491