Making Equality Effective: The Role of Proactive Measures
Making Equality Effective: The Role of Proactive Measures
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使平等有效：积极措施的作用
DOI：
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Fredman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Fredman
整个欧洲的性别不平等仍然难以捉摸。2007年的数据显示，整个欧洲女性的平均收入比男性低17.4%。虽然妇女参加有薪劳动力的人数正在增加，但劳动力市场仍然高度隔离，妇女集中在低薪部门或等级。此外，妇女更多地参与劳动力市场的主要特点是兼职工作的比例很高。这反映了妇女仍然主要负责照顾儿童、照顾老人和残疾人的事实。此外，妇女在国家议会和其他决策机构中的代表性不足。尽管欧盟在实现性别平等方面做出了深刻的承诺，欧盟成员国也制定了复杂的反歧视法律框架，但这种不平等现象仍然存在。性别不平等的顽固存在表明有必要重新审查用于实现男女之间真正和实质性平等的方法。传统的做法是依靠个人申诉的裁决模式。但是，一系列新的方法正在出现，其目的是通过积极主动的措施来促进平等，从而实现制度变革。本报告根据欧盟和欧洲经济区成员国的现行做法对这些模式进行了评估。
Gender inequality across Europe remains elusive. Figures from 2007 show that across Europe women earn on average 17.4 % less than men. Although women’s participation in the paid labour force is increasing, labour markets continue to be highly segregated, with women clustering in lower paid sectors or grades. Moreover, the increased participation of women in the labour market is largely characterised by a high proportion of part-time work. This reflects the fact that women remain primarily responsible for child-care, care of the elderly and the disabled. In addition, women are under-represented in national Parliaments and other decision-making bodies. Such inequalities persist despite a deep commitment at EU level to the achievement of gender equality, as well as a sophisticated framework of anti-discrimination laws across the EU member states.The tenacity of gender inequality suggests the need to re-examine the methods used to achieve real and substantive equality between men and women. The traditional approach has been to rely on an individual complaints model of adjudication. But a range of new approaches are emerging, which aim at institutional change through proactive measures to promote equality. This report assesses these models in the light of current practice among the Member States of the EU and EEA.