Individual risk in mean field control with application to automated demand response
Individual risk in mean field control with application to automated demand response
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平均场控制中的个体风险与自动需求响应的应用
DOI：
10.1109/cdc.2014.7040397
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Sean P. Meyn
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Yue;A. Bušić;Sean P. Meyn
在大型电网中，可以利用能源消耗的灵活性来进行辅助服务。在作者先前的工作中，为此目的引入了针对单个负载的随机化控制结构。在示例中，可以将控制体系结构设计为使得在网格级容易控制负载：跟踪平衡授权参考信号是可能的，同时确保每个负载的服务质量(Qos)平均可接受。分析基于平均场极限(当负载数量接近无穷大时)，并结合聚合非线性模型的LTI系统近似。本文深入研究了这些系统中的个人风险问题。本文的主要贡献有两种：一是对风险进行建模和量化；(一)平均业绩不足以衡量成功。根据经验发现，服务质量的直方图近似为高斯分布，因此每个负载最终将得到较差的服务。(Ii)方差可以通过包括白噪声干扰的LTI模型的改进来估计；方差是随机化策略以及参考信号的功率谱密度的函数。附加的本地控制可以消除风险(Iii)通过这种本地控制截断了服务质量的直方图，从而保证了服务质量的严格界限。(4)除了辅助服务能力的适度减少外，这对电网级别的性能影响不大。
Flexibility of energy consumption can be harnessed for the purposes of ancillary services in a large power grid. In prior work by the authors a randomized control architecture is introduced for individual loads for this purpose. In examples it is shown that the control architecture can be designed so that control of the loads is easy at the grid level: Tracking of a balancing authority reference signal is possible, while ensuring that the quality of service (QoS) for each load is acceptable on average. The analysis was based on a mean field limit (as the number of loads approaches infinity), combined with an LTI-system approximation of the aggregate nonlinear model. This paper examines in depth the issue of individual risk in these systems. The main contributions of the paper are of two kinds: Risk is modeled and quantified (i) The average performance is not an adequate measure of success. It is found empirically that a histogram of QoS is approximately Gaussian, and consequently each load will eventually receive poor service. (ii) The variance can be estimated from a refinement of the LTI model that includes a white-noise disturbance; variance is a function of the randomized policy, as well as the power spectral density of the reference signal. Additional local control can eliminate risk (iii) The histogram of QoS is truncated through this local control, so that strict bounds on service quality are guaranteed. (iv) This has insignificant impact on the grid-level performance, beyond a modest reduction in capacity of ancillary service.