Phylogeny and domain evolution in the APETALA2-like gene family
Phylogeny and domain evolution in the APETALA2-like gene family
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DOI：
10.1093/molbev/msj014
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发表时间：
2006-01-01
影响因子：
10.7
通讯作者：
Soltis, DE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kim, S;Soltis, PS;Soltis, DE
基因复制、核苷酸取代、结构域复制和内含子/外显子改组的组合过程可以产生一组复杂的相关基因，这些基因的表达模式和功能可能有很大不同。 APETALA2 样 (AP2 样) 基因家族表现出基因和结构域重复的模式，以及序列、外显子排列和表达的变化。在被子植物中，这些基因执行一系列功能，包括花分生组织的建立、花器官特性的规范、花同源异型基因表达的调节、胚珠发育的调节和花器官的生长。为了确定基因多样化的模式，我们对绿色植物的 AP2 样序列进行了一系列广泛的系统发育分析。这些研究表明，AP2 结构域在 AP2 样基因的两个主要谱系 euAP2 和 AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) 分歧之前就已复制。 AP2 样基因的结构特征以及 AP2 样基因家族的核苷酸和氨基酸 (aa) 序列的系统发育分析支持两个主要谱系的存在。相对于 AP2 样家族的所有其他成员，ANT 谱系由 AP2-R1 结构域中的 10-aa 插入和 AP2-R2 结构域中的 1-aa 插入支持。 MicroRNA172 结合序列的功能已在拟南芥中的一些 AP2 样基因中进行了研究，但仅限于 euAP2 谱系。在 ANT 谱系中，euANT 谱系以四个保守基序为特征：一个位于 AP2-R1 结构域 (euANT1) 的 10-aa 插入中，三个位于前结构域区域（euANT2、euANT3 和 euANT4）。我们的表达研究表明，来自所有其他被子植物的假定姐妹——Amborella trichopoda 的 euAP2 同源物在所有花器官和叶子中表达。
The combined processes of gene duplication, nucleotide substitution, domain duplication, and intron/exon shuffling can generate a complex set of related genes that may differ substantially in their expression patterns and functions. The APETALA2-like (AP2-like) gene family exhibits patterns of both gene and domain duplication, coupled with changes in sequence, exon arrangement, and expression. In angiosperms, these genes perform an array of functions including the establishment of the floral meristem, the specification of floral organ identity, the regulation of floral homeotic gene expression, the regulation of ovule development, and the growth of floral organs. To determine patterns of gene diversification, we conducted a series of broad phylogenetic analyses of AP2-like sequences from green plants. These studies indicate that the AP2 domain was duplicated prior to the divergence of the two major lineages of AP2-like genes, euAP2 and AINTEGUMENTA (ANT). Structural features of the AP2-like genes as well as phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide and amino acid (aa) sequences of the AP2-like gene family support the presence of the two major lineages. The ANT lineage is supported by a 10-aa insertion in the AP2-R1 domain and a 1-aa insertion in the AP2-R2 domain, relative to all other members of the AP2-like family. MicroRNA172-binding sequences, the function of which has been studied in some of the AP2-like genes in Arabidopsis, are restricted to the euAP2 lineage. Within the ANT lineage, the euANT lineage is characterized by four conserved motifs: one in the 10-aa insertion in the AP2-R1 domain (euANT1) and three in the predomain region (euANT2, euANT3, and euANT4). Our expression studies show that the euAP2 homologue from Amborella trichopoda, the putative sister to all other angiosperms, is expressed in all floral organs as well as leaves.