City life on fast lanes: Urbanization induces an evolutionary shift towards a faster lifestyle in the water flea Daphnia
City life on fast lanes: Urbanization induces an evolutionary shift towards a faster lifestyle in the water flea Daphnia
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DOI：
10.1111/1365-2435.13184
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发表时间：
2018-09-01
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
De Meester, Luc
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brans, Kristien I.;De Meester, Luc
1.多个物种表现出显着的性状变化，以应对城市化。然而，与城市热岛效应有关的人为变暖的影响却明显不足。此外，对城市化进程中表型可塑性和遗传变化的相对贡献还知之甚少.一个常见的花园研究与水蚤大型揭示了遗传分化的城市化和表型可塑性的反应更高的饲养温度（24摄氏度）诱导显着的平行多变量的生活史策略沿着慢-快节奏的生活轴。与从农村池塘分离的基因型和在较低温度下饲养的动物相比，城市动物和在较高温度下饲养的动物的特征分别是成熟快，后代释放早，成熟时尺寸较小，繁殖力增加和性能更高（由最大种群增长率r给出）。城市化的演变占30%的总观察到的生活史的转变，并造成了显着的变化，平均性状值，而可塑性反应实验变暖城市和农村人口之间没有改变。通过可塑性和进化实现的总性状变化范围为8%至56%，具体取决于性状。我们的研究结果提供了明确的证据，进化的基础上增加人口的生活节奏，以应对城市化。鉴于水蚤在水生生态系统中的关键作用，这种转变可能会反馈到城市淡水生态系统中的种群结构、藻类自上而下的控制和食物网动态。此外，我们认为，适应城市热岛可能使这些人口在未来气候变化的背景下预适应。
1. Multiple species show significant trait shifts in response to urbanization. Yet, the impact of anthropogenic warming linked to the urban heat island effect is remarkably understudied. In addition, the relative contributions of phenotypic plasticity and genetic change underlying trait shifts in response to urbanization are poorly known.2. A common garden study with the water flea Daphnia magna revealed that both genetic differentiation in response to urbanization and phenotypic plasticity in response to higher rearing temperature (24 degrees C) induced significant parallel multivariate shifts in life-history strategy along the slow-fast pace-of-life axis.3. Urban animals and animals reared at higher temperatures are characterized by fast maturation, early release of progeny, a smaller size at maturity, increased fecundity and higher performance (given by maximal population growth rate r) compared to genotypes isolated from rural ponds and animals reared at lower temperatures, respectively.4. Evolution in response to urbanization accounted for 30% of the total observed shift in life history and caused a significant change in mean trait values, while plasticity responses to experimental warming were unaltered between urban and rural populations. The total trait change achieved through both plasticity and evolution ranged from 8% to 56% depending on the trait.5. Our results provide clear evidence for evolution underlying an increase in pace of life of populations in response to urbanization. Given the pivotal role of Daphnia in aquatic ecosystems, this shift potentially feeds back to population structure, top-down control of algae and food web dynamics in urban freshwater ecosystems. In addition, we argue that adaptation to urban heat islands might render these populations preadapted in a context of future climate change.