Breast milk and lipid intake distributions for assessing cumulative exposure and risk
Breast milk and lipid intake distributions for assessing cumulative exposure and risk
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DOI：
10.1038/sj.jea.7500412
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发表时间：
2005-07-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Zeise, L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Arcus-Arth, A;Krowech, G;Zeise, L
母乳是婴儿接触在母体脂肪组织中积累了几十年的某些亲脂毒性物质的主要途径，也是母亲在哺乳期接触持久性较低的毒性物质的主要途径。这种婴儿接触发生在快速生长和发育时期，此时对某些毒物的易感性可能最大。根据美国儿科学会目前的建议（0 - 6个月纯母乳喂养，并继续母乳喂养至12个月），给出了0 - 6个月和0 - 12个月婴儿的母乳和脂质摄入量。摄取率按婴儿体重归一化，以解释摄取量和体重的协方差。频率分布描述了摄入量的人群变异性。0 ~ 12月龄日平均摄乳量为100.7 +/- 722.7 g/kg d（平均值+/- SD），第95百分位为153.5 g/kg d。母乳摄入量分布也适用于第一年纯母乳喂养的婴儿（没有来自非母乳来源的大量热量），以及整个（哺乳和非哺乳）婴儿群体。对于短期接触，摄入量可以由这里给出的回归方程得出。假设脂质含量为4%（目前的风险评估做法），将脂质摄入量估算值进行比较，发现与测量的脂质含量相当。调查发现，全国母乳喂养增加的趋势进一步支持将母乳途径纳入风险评估。
Breast milk consumption is the primary route of infant exposure to certain lipophilic toxicants that have accumulated over decades in maternal adipose tissue, as well as to less persistent toxicants from maternal exposure during lactation. Such infant exposures occur at a time of rapid growth and development when susceptibility to certain toxicants can be greatest. Breast milk and lipid intake rates are presented for the 0 - 6 and 0 - 12 month age periods for infants fed according to the American Academy of Pediatrics' current recommendations (exclusive breast-feeding for 0 - 6 months and continued breast-feeding to 12 months). Intake rates are normalized to infant bodyweight to account for the covariance of consumption and bodyweight. Frequency distributions describe the population variability in intake. For age 0 - 12 months, daily average milk intake is 100.7 +/- 722.7 g/ kg day (mean +/- SD), with a 95th percentile of 153.5 g/kg day. Breast milk intake distributions are also developed for infants exclusively breast-fed (no significant calories from non-breast milk sources) over their first year, and for the entire (nursing and non-nursing) infant population. For short-term exposures, intake can be derived from the regression equation presented here. Lipid intake estimated assuming a 4% lipid content (current risk assessment practice) is compared and found comparable to that derived from measured lipid content. The national trend of increased breast-feeding found in surveys further supports including the breast milk pathway in risk assessment.