Proactive Habitat Restoration and the Avoidance of Adverse Effects on Protected Areas: Development Project Review in Europe After Orleans
Proactive Habitat Restoration and the Avoidance of Adverse Effects on Protected Areas: Development Project Review in Europe After Orleans
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积极主动的栖息地恢复和避免对保护区的不利影响：奥尔良之后欧洲的发展项目审查
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发表时间：
2017
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通讯作者：
Hendrik Schoukens
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作者：
Hendrik Schoukens
欧洲的港口是主要的物流贸易中心，自中世纪以来一直如此-从世界各地接收，储存和发送货物和货物到大陆腹地。近几十年来，随着经济全球化以及气候变化和安全威胁的日益重要，港口对欧洲经济体的价值已经增加，并将继续增加。1港口是欧洲经济增长的主要引擎，2处理欧洲大陆90%的国际贸易。3可以理解，许多港口当局渴望扩大规模，以充分发挥其增长潜力，并适应新的发展，国际海上贸易。然而，这种扩张将产生重大的环境影响，如生境破坏、有害排放和水污染，往往使脆弱的河口生态系统已经退化的状况更加恶化。这意味着新港口的开发必须与环境保护要求相协调，例如欧盟鸟类指令和鸟类指令中的要求（统称为“自然指令”）。4由于河口和沿海地区的部分地区通常已根据鸟类指令作为特别保护区（SPA）受到保护，并根据鸟类指令作为特别保护区（SAC）受到保护，这些地点共同构成了Natura 2000网络，5新港口开发的建议必须基于对这些法律所载保护义务的透彻理解。6最值得注意的是，《港口指令》第6（3）条规定了程序和实质性的
The ports of Europe are major logistic trading hubs and have been so since theMiddle Ages—taking in, storing, and dispatching goods and cargo from all over the world to the continental hinterland. With economic globalization and the growing importance of climate change and security threats in recent decades, the value of ports for Europe’s economies has increased and will continue to do so.1 Ports are major engines for growth in Europe2 and handle 90 percent of the continent’s international trade.3 Many port authorities are understandably eager to expand to fully realize their growth potential and adapt to new developments in international maritime commerce. Such expansion will give rise, however, to significant environmental impacts, such as habitat destruction, harmful emissions, andwater pollution, often exacerbating the already degraded status of vulnerable estuarine ecosystems. This means that new port developmentmust be reconciled with environmental protection requirements, such as those in the EUBirds Directive andHabitats Directive (collectively, the “Nature Directives”).4 Because parts of estuaries and coastal areas are often already protected as Special Protection Areas (SPAs) under the Birds Directive and as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) under the Habitats Directive, the sites together comprising the Natura 2000 network,5 proposals for new port development have to be based on a thorough understanding of the protection duties contained in these laws.6 Most notably, Article 6(3) of theHabitats Directive establishes procedural and substantive