Parabens in Sediment and Sewage Sludge from the United States, Japan, and Korea: Spatial Distribution and Temporal Trends
Parabens in Sediment and Sewage Sludge from the United States, Japan, and Korea: Spatial Distribution and Temporal Trends
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DOI：
10.1021/es402574k
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发表时间：
2013-10-01
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Kannan, Kurunthachalam
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Liao, Chunyang;Lee, Sunggyu;Kannan, Kurunthachalam
对羟基苯甲酸酯（对羟基苯甲酸的烷基酯）作为广谱抗菌防腐剂广泛用于化妆品、药品和食品中。实验动物研究表明，对羟基苯甲酸酯具有弱的雌激素活性。对羟基苯甲酸酯对人类的广泛暴露已经引起了重大的公共卫生问题。尽管有这样的担忧，对羟基苯甲酸酯在环境中的发生知之甚少。在这项研究中，在从美国几个地点收集的表层沉积物和沉积物岩心样品中测定了6种对羟基苯甲酸酯类似物，甲基-（MeP）、乙基-（EtP）、丙基-（PrP）、丁基-（BuP）、苄基-（BP）和庚基对羟基苯甲酸酯（HepP），日本和韩国采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（HPLC-MS/MS）。对羟基苯甲酸酯的浓度也测定了从韩国的几个污水处理厂（WWTPs）收集的污水污泥。MeP被发现在所有的样品，包括表层沉积物，沉积物芯，和污泥样品，浓度范围从0.312至540纳克/克干重（dw）。在大多数样品（79%）中检测到PrP，浓度一般比MeP浓度低1-2个数量级。沉积物和污泥中对羟基苯甲酸酯类似物的浓度之间存在显着的正相关性，这表明这些化合物存在相似的来源。污泥中6种对羟基苯甲酸酯类（Sigma PBs）的总浓度（几何平均值：66.3，中位数：89.5纳克/克干重）明显高于沉积物中的浓度（5.48，5.24纳克/克干重）。美国沉积物岩心中对羟基苯甲酸酯的垂直分布显示，在过去十年中浓度逐渐增加，尽管在日本东京湾的沉积物岩心中这种趋势并不明显。
Parabens (alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid) are widely used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foodstuffs as broad-spectrum antimicrobial preservatives. Laboratory animal studies have shown that parabens possess weak estrogenic activity. Widespread exposure of humans to parabens has raised significant public health concerns. Despite such concern, little is known about the occurrence of parabens in the environment. In this study, six paraben analogues, methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (PrP), butyl- (BuP), benzyl- (BP), and heptyl parabens (HepP), were determined in surface sediment and sediment core samples collected from several locations in the United States (U.S.), Japan, and Korea by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Concentrations of parabens also were determined in sewage sludge collected from several wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Korea. MeP was found in all samples, including surface sediment, sediment core, and sludge samples, at concentrations ranging from 0.312 to 540 ng/g dry weight (dw). PrP was detected in the majority of samples (79%), and the concentrations were, in general, 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than MeP concentrations. Significant positive correlations were found among the concentrations of paraben analogues in sediment and sludge, which suggested the existence of similar sources of origin for these compounds. The sum concentrations of six parabens (Sigma PBs) in sludge (geometric mean: 66.3, median: 89.5 ng/g dw) were remarkably higher than those in sediment (5.48, 5.24 ng/g dw). Vertical profiles of parabens in sediment cores from the U.S. showed a gradual increase in concentrations in the past decade, although such a trend was not clear in sediment core from Tokyo Bay, Japan.