Migration, acculturation, and the maintenance of between-group cultural variation
Migration, acculturation, and the maintenance of between-group cultural variation
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移民、文化适应和群体间文化差异的维持
DOI：
10.1101/234807
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Mesoudi A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mesoudi A
迁移和文化适应（即迁移导致的心理或行为变化）如何影响群体内和群体间的文化差异？在这里，我通过在遗传进化和文化进化之间进行类比来解决这个问题。种群遗传模型表明，迁移迅速打破了群体间的遗传结构。然而，在文化进化中，移民或他们的后代可以通过社会学习过程（如从众）来适应当地的行为，这可能会阻止移民消除群体间的文化差异。对关于移徙的经验性文献的分析表明，文化适应是普遍现象，第二代及以后的移徙者转向，有时是大幅度转向所接受社会的文化价值观。然而，人们对这些人口水平变化背后的个人水平动态却知之甚少。为了正式探讨这一点，我提出了模型量化的移民和文化适应的影响组间的文化差异，中性和昂贵的合作特质。在模型中，组间的文化差异，使用F统计，消除了迁移和保持一致的文化适应。文化适应的程度取决于墨守成规偏见的强度和个人学习的示范者的数量。文化适应与文化适应相反，即个人倾向于与文化相似的其他人互动。与中性特质不同，合作特质还可以通过有回报倾向的社会学习来维持，但只有在强有力的制裁机制（例如制度）存在的情况下。总体而言，模型表明，令人惊讶的是，几乎没有循规蹈矩的文化适应需要保持现实的数量组间的文化多样性。虽然这些模型提供了深入了解文化适应和移民在文化演变中的潜在动态，但它们也强调需要对移民文化适应背后的个人层面的学习偏见进行更多的实证研究。
How do migration and acculturation (i.e. psychological or behavioral change resulting from migration) affect within- and between-group cultural variation? Here I address this question by drawing analogies between genetic and cultural evolution. Population genetic models show that migration rapidly breaks down between-group genetic structure. In cultural evolution, however, migrants or their descendants can acculturate to local behaviors via social learning processes such as conformity, potentially preventing migration from eliminating between-group cultural variation. An analysis of the empirical literature on migration suggests that acculturation is common, with second and subsequent migrant generations shifting, sometimes substantially, towards the cultural values of the adopted society. Yet there is little understanding of the individual-level dynamics that underlie these population-level shifts. To explore this formally, I present models quantifying the effect of migration and acculturation on between-group cultural variation, for both neutral and costly cooperative traits. In the models, between-group cultural variation, measured using F statistics, is eliminated by migration and maintained by conformist acculturation. The extent of acculturation is determined by the strength of conformist bias and the number of demonstrators from whom individuals learn. Acculturation is countered by assortation, the tendency for individuals to preferentially interact with culturally-similar others. Unlike neutral traits, cooperative traits can additionally be maintained by payoff-biased social learning, but only in the presence of strong sanctioning mechanisms (e.g. institutions). Overall, the models show that surprisingly little conformist acculturation is required to maintain realistic amounts of between-group cultural diversity. While these models provide insight into the potential dynamics of acculturation and migration in cultural evolution, they also highlight the need for more empirical research into the individual-level learning biases that underlie migrant acculturation.
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DOI：
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期刊：
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