The history of the development of the cerebellar examination
The history of the development of the cerebellar examination
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DOI：
10.1055/s-2002-36759
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发表时间：
2002-12-01
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Lohr, L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fine, EJ;Ionita, CC;Lohr, L
小脑检查是从神经生理学家对实验损伤的观察和小脑创伤患者的临床描述演变而来的。19世纪初，路易吉·罗兰多、玛丽-让-皮埃尔·弗洛伦斯和小约翰·卡尔·道尔顿等神经生理学家切除了各种动物的小脑部分，观察到步态蹒跚、笨拙、从一边到另一边摔倒却不失力量。他们得出结论，小脑协调自主运动。1899年，约瑟夫·弗朗索瓦·菲利克斯·巴宾斯基（Joseph Francois Felix Babinski）观察到，患有小脑病变的患者无法在不分解其基本运动的情况下执行复杂运动，并将这种缺陷描述为韵律障碍。1902年，巴宾斯基创造了“运动障碍”一词，用来描述无法快速完成需要激动剂和拮抗剂肌肉交替收缩的运动。戈登·霍姆斯（Gordon Holmes）在1904年描述了反弹现象，他指出，如果与小脑病变同侧的肢体突然从张力中释放出来，附属物就会连枷。1917年，戈登·霍姆斯报告了小脑中枪受伤的人的张力低下和节律障碍。这些观察结果很快被包括在当时流行的神经学教科书中对小脑检查的描述中。现代观察表明，小脑影响诸如计划、语言流畅性、抽象推理、韵律和正确语法的使用等认知功能。
The cerebellar examination evolved from observations of experimental lesions made by neurophysiologists and clinical descriptions of patients with trauma to the cerebellum. At the beginning of the 19th century, neurophysiologists such as Luigi Rolando, Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens, and John Call Dalton, Jr. ablated portions of the cerebellum of a variety of animals and observed staggering gait, clumsiness, and falling from side to side without loss of strength. They concluded that the cerebellum coordinated voluntary movements. In 1899, Joseph Francois Felix Babinski observed that patients with cerebellar lesions could not execute complex movements without breaking down into their elemental movements and described the defect as dysmetria. In 1902, Babinski coined the term dysdiodochokinesis to describe the inability to perform rapid execution of movements requiring alternate contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles. Gordon Holmes in 1904 described the phenomena of rebound, noting that if a limb ipsilateral to a cerebellar lesion is suddenly released from tension, the appendage will flail. In 1917, Gordon Holmes reported hypotonia and dysmetria in men wounded by gunshot wounds to their cerebellum. These observations were rapidly included in descriptions of the cerebellar examination in popular contemporaneous textbooks of neurology. Modern observations have demonstrated that the cerebellum influences such cognitive functions such as planning, verbal fluency, abstract reasoning, prosody, and use of correct grammar.