A Fifteen Year Record of Global Natural Gas Flaring Derived from Satellite Data
A Fifteen Year Record of Global Natural Gas Flaring Derived from Satellite Data
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DOI：
10.3390/en20300595
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发表时间：
2009-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Zhizhin, Mikhail
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Elvidge, Christopher D.;Ziskin, Daniel;Zhizhin, Mikhail
我们使用国防气象卫星计划(DMSP)获取的微光成像数据，对1994年至2008年期间全国和全球的气体燃烧和气体燃烧效率进行了年度估计。天然气燃烧是在石油生产和加工设施中处置伴生气体的一种广泛使用的做法，在这些设施中，没有足够的基础设施来利用天然气(主要是甲烷)。提高天然气利用率是减少全球大气碳排放的关键。DMSP对耀斑气体量的估计是根据一组报告的国家气体燃料量和来自单个耀斑的数据进行的校准。燃烧效率是以每桶原油产生的燃烧气体的体积计算的。全球天然气燃烧在过去15年中基本保持稳定，在1400亿至1700亿立方米(BCM)的范围内。从1994年到2005年，全球燃烧效率为每桶7至8立方米，到2008年下降到每桶5.6米(3)。2008年天然气燃烧估计为139亿立方米，占美国天然气消费的21%，潜在零售市场价值为680亿美元。2008年的燃烧增加了超过2.78亿公吨二氧化碳当量(CO(2)e)到大气中。DMSP估计的天然气燃料量表明，自2005年以来，全球天然气燃料量下降了19%，主要是俄罗斯和尼日利亚的天然气燃料量减少，这两个国家的天然气燃料量最高。从2005年到2008年，俄罗斯和尼日利亚的燃烧效率都有所提高，这表明天然气燃烧的减少很可能是天然气利用率提高、回注或直接向大气排放气体的结果，尽管不能排除卫星数据中的不确定性的影响。预计根据卫星数据估计天然气燃烧量的能力将促进对前几年简单地作为废物焚烧的天然气的利用。
We have produced annual estimates of national and global gas flaring and gas flaring efficiency from 1994 through 2008 using low light imaging data acquired by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). Gas flaring is a widely used practice for the disposal of associated gas in oil production and processing facilities where there is insufficient infrastructure for utilization of the gas (primarily methane). Improved utilization of the gas is key to reducing global carbon emissions to the atmosphere. The DMSP estimates of flared gas volume are based on a calibration developed with a pooled set of reported national gas flaring volumes and data from individual flares. Flaring efficiency was calculated as the volume of flared gas per barrel of crude oil produced. Global gas flaring has remained largely stable over the past fifteen years, in the range of 140 to 170 billion cubic meters (BCM). Global flaring efficiency was in the seven to eight cubic meters per barrel from 1994 to 2005 and declined to 5.6 m(3) per barrel by 2008. The 2008 gas flaring estimate of 139 BCM represents 21% of the natural gas consumption of the USA with a potential retail market value of $68 billion. The 2008 flaring added more than 278 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO(2)e) into the atmosphere. The DMSP estimated gas flaring volumes indicate that global gas flaring has declined by 19% since 2005, led by gas flaring reductions in Russia and Nigeria, the two countries with the highest gas flaring levels. The flaring efficiency of both Russia and Nigeria improved from 2005 to 2008, suggesting that the reductions in gas flaring are likely the result of either improved utilization of the gas, reinjection, or direct venting of gas into the atmosphere, although the effect of uncertainties in the satellite data cannot be ruled out. It is anticipated that the capability to estimate gas flaring volumes based on satellite data will spur improved utilization of gas that was simply burnt as waste in previous years.