Taming expansive land use dynamics – Sustainable land use regulation and urban sprawl in a comparative perspective
Taming expansive land use dynamics – Sustainable land use regulation and urban sprawl in a comparative perspective
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DOI：
10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.03.024
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发表时间：
2017-08
期刊：
影响因子：
7.1
通讯作者：
J. Bovet;M. Reese;Wolfgang Köck
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Bovet;M. Reese;Wolfgang Köck
城市无计划扩张和基础设施构成了重大的可持续性挑战。因此，各国实施先进的土地利用规划和指导工具极其重要，这些工具旨在减缓城市扩张并在可持续土地利用治理的一致法律的框架内强制节俭发展。以下文章介绍了比较法律的评估结果，该评估着眼于某些国家（德国、瑞士、荷兰、西班牙、波兰）如何应对这一重大挑战。评估是放置在一个更广泛的分析框架的基础上，可持续土地利用法规的四个关键要求，这也是成功地缓解城市蔓延的重要先决条件。文章的第一部分描述了可持续土地利用法规的这些关键要求。在第二部分中，我们提出了比较评估的结果，并描述了如何在评估的国家的土地利用制度的关键要求，特别注重减少开放空间的消费。评价显示了德国、瑞士、荷兰、西班牙和波兰在调整其环境和规划法律以适应可持续性要求方面取得的进展，以及尽管如此，仍然存在各种改进的机会。一个重要的结论涉及到制定明确的可持续性目标和实施与这些目标有关的监管机制的关键要求。在这方面，现有国家办法的一个主要缺陷是，迄今为止只有两个国家制定了明确的政治目标：德国制定了将人类住区和交通基础设施占用土地减少到每天最多30公顷的目标，瑞士制定了将住宅用地限制在人均400平方米的目标。但即使在那里，也没有有效的制度来确保实现目标。另一项结论涉及综合和反应迅速的指导的关键要求，并指出正式的规划和评估制度在确保共同的环境利益得到适当整合以及空间规划和分区得到定期监测和审查方面的重要性。在这方面，我们看到，所有接受评估的国家都实施了监测系统，并对土地使用和建设计划进行了正式的环境评估。然而，这些环境协定的设计方式差别很大，因此，国家执行有时是无效的。
Urban sprawl and infrastructure pose a major sustainability challenge. It is therefore extremely important for countries to implement advanced land use planning and steering instruments that are designed to mitigate urban sprawl and to enforce thrift development within a coherent legal framework of sustainable land use governance. The following article presents the results of a comparative legal assessment that looks at how this major challenge is tackled in certain countries (Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Spain, Poland). The assessment is placed within a broader analytic framework based upon four key requirements of sustainable land use regulation which are also important precondition to successful mitigation of urban sprawl. These key requirements of sustainable land use regulation are described in the first part of the article. In the second part we present the results of the comparative assessment and describe how the key requirements are implemented in the land use regimes of the countries assessed, with a special focus on the mitigation of open space consumption. The evaluation shows the extent to which Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Spain and Poland have advanced in adjusting their environmental and planning laws to the demands of sustainability and how, despite this, diverse opportunities for improvement remain. One important conclusion relates to the key requirement of setting clear sustainability targets and implementing regulatory mechanisms relating to those targets. In this regard a major deficiency of the existing national approaches lies in the fact that, so far, only two countries have set clear political targets: Germany has set a target to reduce land take for human settlements and transport infrastructure to a maximum of 30 ha a day and Switzerland has set a target of limiting land consumption for residential purposes at 400 m2per capita. But even there, there is no effective regime in place to ensure that the targets are met. Another conclusion relates to the key requirement of integrated and responsive steering and points to the importance of formal planning and assessment regimes in ensuring that shared environmental interests are properly integrated and that spatial planning and zoning are regularly monitored and reviewed. In this regard, we see that all the countries assessed have implemented monitoring systems and formal Environmental Assessments (EA) for land use and construction plans. However, the way these EAs are designed differs considerably, and therefore the national implementation is sometimes ineffective.