FORAGING SPECIALIZATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL BUMBLE-BEES
FORAGING SPECIALIZATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL BUMBLE-BEES
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DOI：
10.2307/1942246
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发表时间：
1976-01-01
影响因子：
6.1
通讯作者：
HEINRICH, B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
HEINRICH, B
在缅因州[美国]，任何一种熊蜂都可以从各种形态各异的花朵中觅食花粉和/或花蜜，但个体在任何一个时间的觅食能力都是有限的。非专业化的个人有时不成功的提取花蜜和/或花粉高度奖励花。在任何有多种植物同时开花的地区，熊蜂都有明显的物种偏好。叠加在物种偏好上的是个体偏好。个体有主要的觅食专长（他们的专业）和次要专长（他们的未成年人）。未成年人往往是桥梁，以新的专业。缅因州的蚁后一生中必然有几个连续的专业，因为它们所利用的植物的开花时间相对于它们作为觅食者的寿命来说是短暂的。大部分熊蜂工蜂可利用的植物开花时间相对于它们的寿命是长的。开关很少观察到这些蜜蜂，甚至在一些人每天观察长达1个月。在同一个觅食区，其他植物物种盛开，对同一种大黄蜂的其他个体具有高度吸引力。在每朵花的基础上，那些产生最多食物奖励的花通常拥有最多的蜜蜂，并且不同种类的花之间的食物奖励大致相当，无论它们的花蜜生产率如何。在专业化之前通常会品尝各种有奖励和无奖励的鲜花。当蜜蜂在一个地区主修的花朵被实验性地移走时，许多蜜蜂会从其他同时开花的植物的花朵中取样，但它们通常不会转向那些食物奖励被专家耗尽的花朵，除非这些花朵被实验性地用糖浆强化。当发现丰富的花朵中有上级食物奖励时，他们立即交换。花特异性与位置特异性有关。许多蜜蜂共享同一觅食区域，但同一地点的不同个体蜜蜂利用不同植物物种的花朵。当觅食区域包含地标时，蜜蜂会按顺序（觅食路径）访问花丛，当觅食地点很小时，这种顺序通常会在同一次觅食行程中重复多次。熊蜂的觅食行为从与其他蜜蜂比较的角度以及与环境中食物分布和可用性的关系进行了讨论。
Bumblebees of any one species in Maine [USA] forage for pollen and/or nectar from a large variety of morphologically diverse flowers, but individuals have limited foraging repertoires at any one time. Unspecialized individuals were sometimes unsuccessful in extracting nectar and/or pollen from highly rewarding flowers. In any area with a variety of concurrently blooming plants, the bumblebees had apparent species preferences. Superimposed on the species preferences were individual preferences. Individuals had primary foraging specialities (their majors) and secondary specialities (their minors). Minors were often bridges to new majors. Queens in Maine necessarily have several successive majors during their lifetime since the blooming time of the plants they utilize are brief relative to their life-span as foragers. The blooming time of most plants available to Bombus fervidus workers are long relative to their lifetime. Switching was rarely observed in these bees, even in some individuals observed daily for up to 1 mo. at the same foraging area containing other plant species in bloom that were highly attractive to other individuals of the same bumblebee species. On a per flower basis, those flowers producing the most food rewards generally had the largest number of bees majoring from them, and the food rewards available were roughly comparable between different kinds of flowers, regardless of their differences in rates of nectar production. Specializing was usually preceded by sampling a variety of rewarding as well as non-rewarding flowers. When the flowers from which bees were majoring in an area were experimentally removed many of the bees sampled flowers of other concurrently blooming plants, but they generally did not switch to flowers from which the food rewards were being depleted by specialists, unless these were experimentally fortified with syrup. Upon finding superior food rewards in enriched blossoms, they switched immediately. Flower-specificity is related to site-specificity. Many bees shared the same foraging area, but different individual bees at the same site utilized the flowers of different plant species. When the foraging area contained landmarks, the bees visited clumps of flowers in a sequence (foraging path) that was generally repeated several times on the same foraging trip when the foraging site was small. The foraging behavior of bumblebees is discussed from a comparative standpoint with other bees and in relation to food distribution and availability in the environment.