Genetic Control of Mosquitoes: population suppression strategies
Genetic Control of Mosquitoes: population suppression strategies
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DOI：
10.1590/s0036-46652012000500009
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发表时间：
2012-10-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Marrelli, Mauro Toledo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Wilke, André Barretto Bruno;Marrelli, Mauro Toledo
在过去二十年中，疟疾和登革热等病原体的发病率和死亡率是一个日益严重的公共卫生问题。病媒地理分布的扩大伴随着病毒和疾病在新地区的出现。疟疾或登革热的特效治疗药物不足，也没有可靠的疫苗，虽然取得了一些进展，但从研制到实际使用还有很长的路要走。大多数蚊子控制措施都未能实现其目标，主要是因为蚊子的繁殖能力和基因组灵活性。由于潜在的人类毒性、非目标生物的死亡率、杀虫剂抗性和其他环境影响，化学防治越来越受到限制。迫切需要其他的蚊子控制策略。昆虫不育技术（Sterile Insect Technique，SIT）是一种针对特定物种的环境友好的昆虫种群抑制方法，它是基于大量饲养、辐射介导的不育和释放大量雄性昆虫。释放携带显性致死基因（RIDL）的昆虫为传统SIT的许多缺点提供了解决方案，这些缺点限制了其在蚊子中的应用，同时保持了其环境友好和物种特异性的效用。不育蚊子的自限性往往使这些领域的使用相关的问题，有点挑战性比人口替代战略的自蔓延系统的特点。它们也更接近于现场使用，因此可能适合首先考虑。针对蚊子传播的人类疾病的遗传控制方法的前景正在迅速成为现实，需要在国家、区域和国际各级就使用和部署这些病媒控制方法的生物安全、社会、文化和伦理方面作出许多决定。
Over the last two decades, morbidity and mortality from malaria and dengue fever among other pathogens are an increasing Public Health problem. The increase in the geographic distribution of vectors is accompanied by the emergence of viruses and diseases in new areas. There are insufficient specific therapeutic drugs available and there are no reliable vaccines for malaria or dengue, although some progress has been achieved, there is still a long way between its development and actual field use. Most mosquito control measures have failed to achieve their goals, mostly because of the mosquito's great reproductive capacity and genomic flexibility. Chemical control is increasingly restricted due to potential human toxicity, mortality in no target organisms, insecticide resistance, and other environmental impacts. Other strategies for mosquito control are desperately needed. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is a species-specific and environmentally benign method for insect population suppression, it is based on mass rearing, radiation mediated sterilization, and release of a large number of male insects. Releasing of Insects carrying a dominant lethal gene (RIDL) offers a solution to many of the drawbacks of traditional SIT that have limited its application in mosquitoes while maintaining its environmentally friendly and species-specific utility. The self-limiting nature of sterile mosquitoes tends to make the issues related to field use of these somewhat less challenging than for self-spreading systems characteristic of population replacement strategies. They also are closer to field use, so might be appropriate to consider first. The prospect of genetic control methods against mosquito vectored human diseases is rapidly becoming a reality, many decisions will need to be made on a national, regional and international level regarding the biosafety, social, cultural and ethical aspects of the use and deployment of these vector control methods.