Introducing a new journal
Introducing a new journal
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DOI：
10.1007/s007690050024
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发表时间：
1996
影响因子：
0.9
通讯作者：
P. Bievre
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Bievre
各种化学测量在现代社会中发挥着迅速扩大的作用，并日益成为重要决策的基础。在这些决定的基础上，制定了具有商业、法律、医疗和环境影响的国家和国际条例。因此，化学测量的可靠性是至关重要的：没有可靠的决定就不接受这些规定，没有可靠的测量就没有可靠的决定。贸易产品的质量及其在贸易中的价值，在很大程度上取决于决定质量程度的衡量标准。此外，对质量的信任只能存在于对证明这种质量的度量的信任的基础上。在国际舞台上，质量的接受是一个跨国问题：一个人怎么能相信声称的质量？欧洲联盟理事会认识到，各国实验室认可制度的差异是公平贸易的障碍，需要通过采用统一和具有普遍约束力的标准来协调各国认可制度。毫无疑问，像北美自由贸易协定和欧洲自由贸易联盟这样的跨国经济实体将（不得不）得出同样的结论。因此，EN 45000系列是从现有的国家实验室认证体系中诞生的，许多经济部门都成立了相应的认证机构。然而，化学化合物和产品也侵入了环境，要么是在其工业生命周期的终点不情愿地，例如氟氯化碳，要么是偶然的，例如海上漏油，要么是作为废物，例如二恶英，放射性气体，或者是故意的，例如肥料和油轮清洁。大自然可以处理微量的非天然化学物质，但现代社会和经济向土壤、水、空气以及人体释放化合物的程度有时超过了自然系统的吸收能力，更糟的是，破坏了自然平衡。
Chemical measurements of various kinds are playing a rapidly expanding role in modern society and increasingly form the basis of important decisions. On the basis of these decisions national and international regulations with commercial, legal, medical, and environmental impact are set in force. Therefore, the reliability of chemical measurements is of utmost importance: no acceptance of these regulations without trustworthy decisions and no trustworthy decisions without reliable measurements. The quality of traded products and therefore their value in trade, depends crucially on the measurements which determine the degree of quality. Furthermore, trust in quality can only exist on the basis of trust in the measurements proving this quality. On the international scene, acceptance of quality is a transnational problem: how can one trust claimed quality? The Council of the European Union recognized that the differences in the national accrediation systems of laboratories were an obstacle to fair trade and that a harmonization of the national accreditation systems was needed through the introduction of uniform and universally binding criteria. Without doubt, transnational economical entities such as NAFTA and EFTA will (have to) come to the same conclusion. Thus the EN 45000 series was born from existing systems for national accreditation of test laboratories, and many branches of the economy have set up appropriate accreditation agencies.Chemical compounds and products, however, have also invaded the environment either unwillingly at the end point of their industrial life cycle, eg CFCs, or by accident, eg oil spills at sea, or as waste, eg dioxins, radioactive gases, or on purpose, eg fertilizers and tanker cleaning. Nature can cope with trace amounts of nonnatural chemicals, but the extent to which modern society and economy can release chemical compounds into the soil, the water and the air as well as into the human body sometimes exceeds the absorptive power of the natural systems or, worse, disturbs natural equilibria.