Fertilizer Application with Small Grain Seed at Planting
Fertilizer Application with Small Grain Seed at Planting
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播种时小粒种子的施肥
DOI：
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发表时间：
1994
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
E. Deibert
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
E. Deibert
在播种时随种子施肥是一种成功的土壤管理做法，长期以来一直被认为是提高作物产量的一种手段。带有肥料附件的谷物播种机最终使农民能够在一次操作中将少量肥料与种子和植物一起施用。在北方大平原旱地小粮田，一般的做法是在播种时每英亩施50磅18-46-0（N+ P205 + K20）肥料。这种做法提供了9磅每英亩氮（N）和23磅每英亩的P2 O 5作为磷（10磅每英亩P）作为启动肥料，提高早期根和植物生长在低到中等测试土壤。起始肥料还具有在早春促进植物发育的潜力，此时土壤温度通常较低，土壤养分对幼根系统的可用性较低。随着土壤管理的进步、品种的改良、土壤有机质的下降以及夏季休耕的减少，产量的提高增加了对肥料的需求，特别是氮肥。许多（如果不是大多数的话）田地需要比种子更多的肥料。在播种时随种子施用较高比例的肥料往往会导致严重的发芽损害、出苗率低和林分差，从而导致产量损失。对于小粒谷物，为了限制幼苗损害，一般的建议是在播种时每英亩不施用超过20到30磅的氮和钾。然后在另一个作业中施用获得最高产量所需的额外肥料（NPK），无论是撒施还是条施。虽然肥料的撒播和带状施用已经是成功的土壤肥料管理实践，但是在种子中施用更高比例的肥料，特别是N，已经重新引起人们的兴趣。这种兴趣是由以下愿望驱动的：[1]减少田间作业的数量，[2]强调保护性耕作以改善土壤水分管理，[3]通过在土壤表面保持足够的残留物来减少侵蚀，[4]使用高残留物播种设备，如锄式播种机，特别是空气播种机，其利用比传统双圆盘播种机更高的苗床部分。
Applying fertilizer with the seed at planting is one successful soil management practice that has long been recognized as a means to improve crop yields. Grain drills with fertilizer attachments eventually enabled the farmer to apply a small amount of fertilizer with the seed and plant in one operation. A common practice in the Northern Great Plains dryland small grain production area is to apply 50 pounds per acre of 18-46-0 (N+P 2 0 5 +K 2 0) fertilizer with the seed at planting. This practice provides 9 pounds per acre nitrogen (N) and 23 pounds per acre of P 2 O 5 as phosphorus (10 pounds P per acre) as a starter fertilizer which improves early root and plant growth on low to medium testing soils. The starter fertilizer also has the potential to enhance plant development early in the spring, when soil temperatures are normally low and soil nutrient availability to a young root system is lower. Higher yields with advances in soil management, improved varieties, a decline in soil organic matter, and a reduction in the use of summerfallow have increased the need for fertilizer, particularly N. Many, if not most, fields require more fertilizer than can be applied with the seed. Application of higher rates of fertilizer with the seed at planting often causes severe germination damage, low seedling emergence and poor stands with subsequent yield loss. The general recommendation for small grains, to limit seedling damage, was not to apply more than 20 to 30 pounds per acre of N plus K 2 O with the seed at planting. Additional fertilizer (NPK) required for maximum yields was then applied in another operation, either broadcast or banded. Although the broadcast and band application of fertilizers have been successful soil fertilizer management practices, there has been a resurgence of interest in applying higher rates of fertilizer with the seed, especially N. This interest has been driven by a desire to [1] reduce the number of field operations, [2] emphasize conservation tillage to improve soil water management, [3] reduce erosion by maintaining adequate residue on the soil surface, and [4] use high residue seeding equipment, like hoe drills and especially airseeders, that utilize a higher portion of the seedbed than the traditional double disk drill.