Rates, patterns, and impacts ofPhragmites australis expansion and effects of experimentalPhragmites control on vegetation, macroinvertebrates, and fish within tidelands of the lower Connecticut River
Rates, patterns, and impacts ofPhragmites australis expansion and effects of experimentalPhragmites control on vegetation, macroinvertebrates, and fish within tidelands of the lower Connecticut River
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DOI：
10.2307/1352816
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发表时间：
2001-02
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Warren;P. Fell;J. Grimsby;Erika L. Buck;G. Chris Rilling;R. Fertik
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Warren;P. Fell;J. Grimsby;Erika L. Buck;G. Chris Rilling;R. Fertik
芦苇的扩张速率（1-3% yr−1 呈线性）以及这种扩张对高沼泽大型无脊椎动物、地上生产以及芦苇和其他沼泽禾本科植物的凋落物分解的影响沿着多盐到寡盐梯度进行了研究。这些参数以及鱼类对小溪和高沼泽的利用也在芦苇控制地点（除草剂、割草和除草剂/割草联合处理）进行了研究。芦苇无性系在低盐沼泽上建立，没有明显的地点偏好，呈放射状扩展。在盐度较高的情况下，芦苇优先在河岸堤坝上定居并扰乱高地边界，然后扩展到中央沼泽地。芦苇为主的横断面以水文周期为特征，但不以盐度或地下水位为特征。芦苇叶、茎和花的混合样本比其他沼泽被子植物的分解速度更慢；单独的芦苇叶的分解速度与香蒲相同或更快。地上芦苇产量为 1,300 至 2,400 g m−2（其中约 23% 作为叶子），而多卤至中盐草甸为 600–800 g m−2，低卤香蒲莎草沼泽为 1,300 g m−2。大型无脊椎动物似乎基本上不受芦苇扩张或控制努力的影响；分布和密度与海拔或水文周期无关，但密度与凋落物覆盖率正相关。离开被淹没的沼泽捕获的主要鱼类是异斜眼鲀和嘴鳗鲡；两者都大量捕食沼泽大型无脊椎动物。 rostrata 和 Morone americana 在芦苇中更为常见，但除此之外，芦苇和咸水草甸植被之间的利用模式没有重大差异。与以米草为主的河岸相比，芦苇为主的小溪中的 SAV 和大型藻类覆盖率明显较低。在除草剂/割草处理中，相同的鱼类组合被困在两个和三分之一中。斯巴达溪的鱼类生物量最大，芦苇溪的鱼类生物量最低，反映了 F 的丰度。异斜。割草降低了芦苇地上产量并增加了茎密度，但对防治效果不佳。仅除草剂处理后芦苇、大米草和灯心草的频率为0.53-0.21；总活覆盖率<8%，有大量枯枝落叶和密集的直立枯茎。经过两个生长季节Agrostis stolonifera/S。帕滕斯/J.除草剂/割草处理区大部分以香苋草微咸草甸为特征；此处芦苇频率为0.53，贡献了3%的覆盖率。四年后，这两个值都增加了一倍多；单一治疗对于长期防治芦苇是无效的。
Phragmites expansion rates (linear at 1–3% yr−1) and impacts of this expansion on high marsh macroinvertebrates, aboveground production, and litter decomposition fromPhragmites and other marsh graminoids were studied along a polyhaline to oligohaline gradient. These parameters, and fish use of creeks and high marsh, were also studied inPhragmites control sites (herbicide, mowing, and combined herbicide/mow treatments).Phragmites clones established without obvious site preferences on oligohaline marshes, expanding radially. At higher salinities,Phragmites preferentially colonized creekbank levees and disturbed upland borders, then expanded into the central marsh. Hydroperiods, but not salinities or water table, distinguishedPhragmites-dominated transects. Pooled samples ofPhragmites leaves, stems, and flowers decompose more slowly than other marsh angiosperms;Phragmites leaves alone decompose as or more rapidly than those of cattail. AbovegroundPhragmites production was 1,300 to 2,400 g m−2 (about 23% of this as leaves), versus 600–800 g m−2 for polyhaline to mesohaline meadow and 1,300 g m−2 for oligohaline cattail-sedge marsh. Macroinvertebrates appear largely unaffected byPhragmites expansion or control efforts; distribution and densities are unrelated to elevation or hydroperiod, but densities are positively related to litter cover. Dominant fish captured leaving flooded marsh wereFundulus heteroclitus andAnguilla rostrata; both preyed heavily on marsh macroinvertebrates.A. rostrata andMorone americana tended to be more common inPhragmites, but otherwise there were no major differences in use patterns betweenPhragmites and brackish meadow vegetation. SAV and macroalgal cover were markedly lower within aPhragmites-dominated creek versus one withSpartina-dominated banks. The same fish species assemblage was trapped in both plus a third within the herbicide/mow treatment. Fish biomass was greatest from theSpartina creek and lowest from thePhragmites creek, reflecting abundances ofF. heteroclitus. Mowing depressedPhragmites aboveground production and increased stem density, but was ineffective for control.Phragmites, Spartina patens, andJuncus gerardii frequencies after herbicide-only treatment were 0.53-0.21; total live cover was <8% with a heavy litter and dense standing dead stems. After two growing seasonsAgrostis stolonifera/S. patens/J. gerardii brackish meadow characterized most of the herbicide/mow treatment area;Phragmites frequency here was 0.53, contributing 3% cover. Both values more than doubled after four years; a single treatment is ineffective for long-termPhragmites control.