A History of In Vivo Neutron Activation Analysis in Measurement of Aluminum in Human Subjects.
A History of In Vivo Neutron Activation Analysis in Measurement of Aluminum in Human Subjects.
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DOI：
10.3233/jad-150595
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
H. Mohseni;D. Chettle
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
H. Mohseni;D. Chettle
铝作为一种丰富的金属，在人类生活中得到了广泛的应用，主要作为各种食物和饮用水的添加剂进入人体。铝暴露的其他主要来源包括医疗、美容和职业途径。铝作为一种常见的环境毒素，在透析性脑病等几种医学疾病中具有众所周知的作用，被认为是阿尔茨海默病因果关系的潜在候选者。铝主要积累在骨骼中，这使得骨骼成为铝的身体负荷的指标，也是大脑的理想器官。大多数用于测量铝的技术包括骨活检，这需要侵入性措施，给患者带来不便。在开发非侵入性方法方面已经做出了相当大的努力，这些方法允许在更大的人群中出于医疗和职业目的监测铝水平。体内中子活化分析是一种基于体内元素同位素的核活化及其随后检测的方法，已被证明是实现这一目的的宝贵工具。在开发能够检测健康个体和铝暴露人群中低水平铝的体内非侵入性技术方面存在明确的挑战。下面的审查在人体铝测量的背景下，在体内中子活化分析的方法，侧重于不同的中子源，从其他活化产品的干扰，以及在过去几十年中的最低可检测限和患者剂量的改进。
Aluminum, as an abundant metal, has gained widespread use in human life, entering the body predominantly as an additive to various foods and drinking water. Other major sources of exposure to aluminum include medical, cosmetic, and occupational routes. As a common environmental toxin, with well-known roles in several medical conditions such as dialysis encephalopathy, aluminum is considered a potential candidate in the causality of Alzheimer's disease. Aluminum mostly accumulates in the bone, which makes bone an indicator of the body burden of aluminum and an ideal organ as a proxy for the brain. Most of the techniques developed for measuring aluminum include bone biopsy, which requires invasive measures, causing inconvenience for the patients. There has been a considerable effort in developing non-invasive approaches, which allow for monitoring aluminum levels for medical and occupational purposes in larger populations. In vivo neutron activation analysis, a method based on nuclear activation of isotopes of elements in the body and their subsequent detection, has proven to be an invaluable tool for this purpose. There are definite challenges in developing in vivo non-invasive techniques capable of detecting low levels of aluminum in healthy individuals and aluminum-exposed populations. The following review examines the method of in vivo neutron activation analysis in the context of aluminum measurement in humans focusing on different neutron sources, interference from other activation products, and the improvements made in minimum detectable limits and patient dose over the past few decades.