Origin, dispersal, cultivation and variation of rice
Origin, dispersal, cultivation and variation of rice
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DOI：
10.1023/a:1005810616885
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发表时间：
1997-09-01
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
Khush, GS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Khush, GS
亚洲栽培稻属（Oryza O. sativa）有2个栽培种和21个野生种，在世界各地都有种植。非洲栽培稻，O. glaberrima在西非小规模种植。稻谷属可能起源于大约1.3亿年前的冈瓦纳大陆，随着冈瓦纳大陆的分裂，不同的物种分布到不同的大陆。栽培种起源于具有AA基因组的共同祖先。苜蓿的多年生和一年生祖先为rufipogon和O. nivara， glaberrima的祖先为O. longistaminata、O. breviligulata和O. glaberrima，可能驯化于尼日尔河三角洲。根据遗传亲和度的不同，水稻品种可分为6个类群。众所周知的籼稻属于第一组，粳稻属于第六组。所谓的爪哇稻也属于第六组，被指定为热带粳稻，而不是在温带气候下生长的温带粳稻。籼稻和粳稻具有多系起源。印度人可能是在印度东部的喜马拉雅山麓被驯化的，而日本人则是在中国南部的某个地方被驯化的。籼稻从印度散布到整个热带和亚热带地区。粳稻由华南向北迁移，成为温带生态型。它们也向南迁移到东南亚，并从那里迁移到西非和巴西，成为热带生态型。水稻现在生长在北纬55度到南纬36度之间。它生长在不同的生长条件下，如灌溉、雨养低地、雨养高地和洪水易发生态系统。人类对不同环境的选择和适应导致了大量的栽培品种。据估计，世界上大约有12万种水稻。1960年国际水稻研究所成立后，加大水稻品种改良力度，开发出高产品种。这些品种现在种植在世界上70%的稻田上。由于大规模采用这些改良品种，水稻产量在1966年至1990年间翻了一番。到2025年，大米产量必须增加60%，才能养活新增的大米消费者。分子和细胞生物学的新工具，如花药培养、分子标记辅助选择和基因工程，将在水稻改良中发挥越来越大的作用。
There are two cultivated and twenty-one wild species of genus Oryza O. sativa, the Asian cultivated rice is grown ail over the world. The African cultivated rice, O. glaberrima is grown on a small scale in West Africa. The genus Oryza probably originated about 130 million years ago in Gondwanaland and different species got distributed into different continents with the breakup of Gondwanaland. The cultivated species originated from a common ancestor with AA genome. Perennial and annual ancestors of O. sativa are O. rufipogon and O. nivara and those of O. glaberrima are O. longistaminata, O. breviligulata and O. glaberrima probably domesticated in Niger river delta. Varieties of O. sativa are classified into six groups on the basis of genetic affinity. Widely known indica rices correspond to group I and japonicas to group VI. The so called javanica rices also belong to group VI and are designated as tropical japonicas in contrast to temperate japonicas grown in temperate climate. Indica and japonica rices had a polyphyletic origin. Indicas were probably domesticated in the foothills of Himalayas in Eastern India and japonicas somewhere in South China. The indica rices dispersed throughout the tropics and subtropics from India. The japonica rices moved northward from South China and became the temperate ecotype. They also moved southward to Southeast Asia and from there to West Africa and Brazil and became tropical ecotype. Rice is now grown between 55 degrees N and 36 degrees S latitudes. It is grown under diverse growing conditions such as irrigated, rainfed lowland, rainfed upland and floodprone ecosystems. Human selection and adaptation to diverse environments has resulted in numerous cultivars. It is estimated that about 120000 varieties of rice exist in the world. After the establishment of International Rice Research Institute in 1960, rice varietal improvement was intensified and high yielding Varieties were developed. These varieties are now planted to 70% of world's riceland. Rice production doubled between 1966 and 1990 due to large scale adoption of these improved varieties. Rice production must increase by 60% by 2025 to feed the additional rice consumers. New tools of molecular and cellular biology such as anther culture, molecular marker aided selection and genetic engineering will play increasing role in rice improvement.