Insect Hemocytes: Role of hemocytes in defense against biological agents
Insect Hemocytes: Role of hemocytes in defense against biological agents
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昆虫血细胞：血细胞在防御生物制剂中的作用
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发表时间：
1979
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Rowley
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
N. Ratcliffe;A. Rowley
人类所知的动物物种中有超过四分之三是昆虫，据估计，地球上几乎每一个栖息地都可能生活着多达300万种不同的物种（威廉姆斯，1960）。在它们的进化和陆地生态位的定殖期间，昆虫变得对来自一系列可怕的捕食者、寄生虫、拟寄生虫和微生物的攻击开放，并且最近的研究表明它们具有能够抵抗、包含甚至消除许多潜在入侵者的有效防御机制（Whitcomb等人，1974年）。这些防御包括由坚韧的外角质层和肠道形成的物理化学屏障以及内部体液和细胞防御机制。细胞防御主要由血细胞介导，包括吞噬作用、结节形成、包囊和血淋巴凝固过程（Salt，1970），这些过程共同构成了本综述的主要主题。然而，由于我们对昆虫防御机制的了解大多来自实验室调查，对这些防御在田间的有效性知之甚少，因此还必须简要考虑天然生物控制剂本身，它们进入宿主的方式以及最有可能引起的宿主反应类型。希望这种方法能给实验室实验的结果提供一个新的维度，并促使未来的研究者对自然昆虫种群的防御机制给予雅阁的考虑。昆虫疾病这些疾病是由病原性病毒、细菌、真菌、原生动物、立克次体和线虫引起的。此外，捕食性和寄生性昆虫在控制大量害虫和潜在有害昆虫物种方面具有巨大的意义（货车den Bosch和Messenger，1973）（另见第16章）。
Introduction Over three-quarters of animal species known to man are insects, and it has been estimated that there may be as many as 3 million different species (Williams, 1960) living in almost every habitat on earth. During their evolution and colonization of the terrestrial niches, the insects became open to attack from a formidable array of predators, parasites, parasitoids, and microorganisms, and recent research indicates that they have effective defense mechanisms capable of resisting, containing, and even eliminating many would-be invaders (Whitcomb et al., 1974). These defenses include the physicochemical barriers formed by the tough outer cuticle and gut and the internal humoral and cellular defense mechanisms. The cellular defenses are mainly mediated by the hemocytes and include the processes of phagocytosis, nodule formation, encapsulation, and hemolymph coagulation (Salt, 1970), which together form the main subject of this review. However, because most of our knowledge of insect defense mechanisms has been derived from laboratory investigations and little is known about the effectiveness of these defenses in the field, brief consideration must also be given to the natural biological control agents themselves, their mode of entry into the host, and the type of host response most likely to be elicited. This approach, it is hoped, will give the results of laboratory experiments a new dimension and prompt future investigators to accord more consideration to the defense mechanisms of natural insect populations. Diseases of insects These are produced by the pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rickettsiae, and nematodes. In addition, predatory and parasitic insects are of enormous significance in controlling vast numbers of pest and potentially injurious insect species (van den Bosch and Messenger, 1973) (see also Chapter 16).