Interorgan Metabolism, Nutritional Impacts,?and Safety of Dietary L-Glutamate and L-Glutamine in Poultry
Interorgan Metabolism, Nutritional Impacts,?and Safety of Dietary L-Glutamate and L-Glutamine in Poultry
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家禽日粮 L-谷氨酸和 L-谷氨酰胺的器官间代谢、营养影响和安全性
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-030-74180-8_7
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Wu Guoyao
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
He Wenliang;Furukawa Kyohei;Toyomizu Masaaki;Nochi Tomonori;Bailey Christopher A.;Wu Guoyao
谷氨酰胺（Gln）是家禽血浆和骨骼肌中含量最丰富的氨基酸，谷氨酸（Glu）是禽类组织中含量最丰富的氨基酸。在第一次通过小肠进入门静脉循环的过程中，饮食中的谷氨酸被广泛氧化为CO2，但饮食中的谷氨酰胺在鸟类中受到有限的催化作用。它们的肠外组织（例如，骨骼肌、肾和淋巴器官）具有高的降解Gln的能力。为了维持Glu和Gln在体内的稳态，它们通过主要涉及骨骼肌、心脏、脂肪组织和脑的器官间代谢由支链AA（植物和动物蛋白中丰富的AA）和葡萄糖主动合成。此外，氨（由AA的一般催化剂产生）和α-酮戊二酸（α-KG，主要来自葡萄糖）可作为禽类组织（特别是肝脏）中Glu和Gln合成的底物。在过去的20年里，人们对鸡的Glu和Gln代谢越来越感兴趣，鸡是农业上重要的物种，也是研究人类生理和疾病某些方面的有用模型。越来越多的证据表明，充足的膳食Glu和Gln供应对于鸡、雏鸭、火鸡和蛋鸡的最佳生长、抗氧化反应、生产力和健康至关重要，特别是在应激条件下。像哺乳动物一样，家禽对Glu和Gln都有饮食需求。根据采食量、组织完整性、生长性能和健康状况，鸟类可以耐受高达12%的Glu和3.5%的Gln（以干物质计）。谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺是鸡和其他鸟类物种的主要营养素，以支持它们的最大生长，生产和饲料效率，以及它们的最佳健康和福祉。
L-glutamine (Gln) is the most abundant amino acid (AA) in the plasma and skeletal muscle of poultry, and L-glutamate (Glu) is among the most abundant AAs in the whole bodies of all avian tissues. During the first-pass through the small intestine into the portal circulation, dietary Glu is extensively oxidized to CO2, but dietary Gln undergoes limited catabolism in birds. Their extra-intestinal tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle, kidneys, and lymphoid organs) have a high capacity to degrade Gln. To maintain Glu and Gln homeostasis in the body, they are actively synthesized from branched-chain AAs (abundant AAs in both plant and animal proteins) and glucose via interorgan metabolism involving primarily the skeletal muscle, heart, adipose tissue, and brain. In addition, ammonia (produced from the general catabolism of AAs) and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG, derived primarily from glucose) serve as substrates for the synthesis of Glu and Gln in avian tissues, particularly the liver. Over the past 20 years, there has been growing interest in Glu and Gln metabolism in the chicken, which is an agriculturally important species and also a useful model for studying some aspects of human physiology and diseases. Increasing evidence shows that the adequate supply of dietary Glu and Gln is crucial for the optimum growth, anti-oxidative responses, productivity, and health of chickens, ducklings, turkeys, and laying fowl, particularly under stress conditions. Like mammals, poultry have dietary requirements for both Glu and Gln. Based on feed intake, tissue integrity, growth performance, and health status, birds can tolerate up to 12% Glu and 3.5% Gln in diets (on the dry matter basis). Glu and Gln are quantitatively major nutrients for chickens and other avian species to support their maximum growth, production, and feed efficiency, as well as their optimum health and well-being.