The size of the articular surfaces of the long bones as characteristic of sex; an anthropological study
The size of the articular surfaces of the long bones as characteristic of sex; an anthropological study
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作为性别特征的长骨关节面的大小；
DOI：
10.1002/aja.1000040103
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发表时间：
1905
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
T. Dwight
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
T. Dwight
骨盆长期以来一直被认为是骨骼性别的可靠标志，而且更长时间以来一直被认为是女性形体的最大特征。从20到30年前，出现了几篇关于确定头骨性别的方法的论文。我想，现在人们普遍承认，头骨在专家手中是有价值的;但是已故的布林顿教授在他生命的最后时刻宣布，除了骨盆之外，骨头之间没有性别的指导。Hyrtl（1）很久以前写道：“我发现男性和女性胸骨之间的差异如此清楚地表现在胸骨与身体的比例上，以至于在确定性别时几乎不可能出错。女性胸骨的手骨长度超过身体的一半;而男性胸骨的手骨长度至少是手骨的两倍。我（2）能够在足够大的系列中表明，虽然这对于平均的男性和女性胸骨是正确的，但对于大约40%的个体情况却不是正确的，因此，用这种方法确定性别确实很可能出错。也许这条规则适用于形式良好的机构，但不适用于我们遇到的大部分机构。股骨也是一种对专家来说很有价值的骨头。一个典型的男性和一个典型的女性股骨几乎不可能弄错;但实际上有很多大腿骨，也许75%，专家不愿意用迄今为止使用的方法给出意见。不用像布林顿教授那样走得那么远，我们可以说，用我们目前的方法，除了骨盆之外，甚至这也不总是决定性的，在绝大多数情况下，专家必须从骨骼的一般外观来形成他对骨骼性别的看法，相对而言，他很少能非常肯定地说话（仍然排除骨盆）。
The pelvis has long been recognized as a reliable guide to the sex of the skeleton and still longer as the greatest peculiarity of the female figure. From twenty to thirty years ago several papers appeared on the means of determining the sex of the skull. It is, I think, now generally admitted that the skull is of value in the hands of an expert; but the late Professor Brinton very near the end of his life declared that apart from the pelvis there is no guide to the sex among the bones. Hyrtl (1) long ago wrote:" I find the difference between the male and female sternum so clearly expressed by the proportion of the manubrium to the body that it is hardly possible to err in determining the sex. The manubrium of the female sternum exceeds in length that of half the body; while in the male sternum it is at least twice as long as the manubrium. I (2) was able to show on sufficiently large series that while this was true of the average male and female sterna, it was not true of about 40 per cent of the individual instances, so that it was very possible indeed to err in determining the sex by that means. Probably the rule applies to well-formed bodies, but not to a large proportion of those that we meet with. The femur again is a bone that is to the expert of much value. A typical male and a typical female femur can hardly be mistaken; but practically there are a great many thigh bones, perhaps 75 per cent, on which an expert would be unwilling to give an opinion by methods hitherto in use. Without going so far as Professor Brinton, we may say that with our present methods, excepting the pelvis, and even this is not always conclusive, in the great majority of cases the expert must form his opinion of the sex of bones from their general appearance, and that comparatively rarely can he speak (still excluding the pelvis) with any great certainty.