Female relationships and food availability in a forest community of chimpanzees
Female relationships and food availability in a forest community of chimpanzees
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黑猩猩森林群落中的女性关系和食物供应
DOI：
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发表时间：
2000
期刊：
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通讯作者：
K. A. Fawcett
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
K. A. Fawcett
本论文研究了乌干达布东戈森林松索黑猩猩群落的行为生态学；尤其是女性的社会关系。在Pan属和不同的P. troglodytes群落中，女性社会关系存在相当大的差异。这项研究量化了 16 个月内森林食物的供应量和黑猩猩的行为模式。使用包括 26 种已知黑猩猩食物的物候学追踪对食物供应量进行了定量测量。监测果实、叶子、芽和花的可用性。粮食生产与降雨量和辐照度水平密切相关，揭示了 4 个不同的季节。所有物候状态都是同步的。粮食产量最高的时间是四月的三月，恰逢每年第一个雨季的开始。据观察，黑猩猩会改变其行为模式以应对食物供应的变化。政党规模，特别是全男性政党和性政党的规模，与粮食供应量呈正相关，但全女性政党的规模在粮食供应量较高期间并未增加。然而，混合派对中的女性人数确实有所增加，这表明女性更倾向于与男性交往。此外，社区中发情雌性的数量与食物供应量呈正相关。使用一般线性模型表明，食物供应量是群体规模和发情雌性数量的最佳预测因素。黑猩猩对食物供应变化的反应在它们的进食行为和活动预算中也很明显。在资源匮乏时期，黑猩猩表现出灵活的反应：要么减少进食时间并以较低质量的食物为食，要么增加移动时间，将种子和水果纳入饮食中。从物候数据收集和喂养观察中确定了几种关键食物。水果是饮食的主要组成部分，但与其他研究群体不同。嫩叶是
This thesis investigates the behavioural ecology of the Sonso community of chimpanzees, Budongo Forest, Uganda; with particular reference to the social relationships of females. Within both the genus Pan and different communities of P. troglodytes there is considerable variability in female social relationships. This study quantified both forest food availability and the behavioural patterns of chimpanzees over a 16 month period. Quantitative measures of food availability were made using a phenology trail including 26 species of known chimpanzee foods. The availability of fruit, leaves, buds and flowers was monitored. Food production was closely linked to rainfall and irradiance levels, revealing 4 distinct seasons. All phenological states were synchronised. The time of highest food production was in Marchi April, coinciding with the onset of the first annual wet season. The chimpanzees were observed to alter their behavioural patterns in response to changes in food availability. Party size, in particular the size of all-male and sexual parties, was positively correlated with measures of food availability, but the size of all-female parties did not increase during periods of high food availability. However, the number of females in mixed parties did increase, suggesting a preference for females to associate with males. In addition, the number of oestrous females in the community was positively correlated with measures of food availability. General Linear Models were used to show that food availability was the best predictor of both party size and the number of oestrous females. The chimpanzees' response to changes in food availability was evident also in their feeding behaviour and activity budgets. During times of resource scarcity the chimpanzees showed a flexible response: either they decreased time spent feeding and fed on lower quality food items, or they increased time spent moving to incorporate seeds and fruit in their diet. Several keystone foods were identified both from phenological data collection and feeding observations. Fruit was the major component of the diet but in contrast to other study communities. young leaves were