Masculinity and Risk: How Gender Constructs Drive Sexual Risks in the Caribbean
Masculinity and Risk: How Gender Constructs Drive Sexual Risks in the Caribbean
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DOI：
10.1007/s13178-013-0116-7
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发表时间：
2013-09-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Plummer, David C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Plummer, David C.
在2006年至2008年期间，对138名中位年龄为24岁（从16岁到39岁不等）的男性进行了详细的访谈，这些男性来自七个讲英语的加勒比国家和一个领土：安圭拉、格林纳达、圭亚那、牙买加、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯以及特立尼达和托巴哥。访谈调查了该区域对男子气概的普遍看法，特别关注从童年到成年的过渡、男孩的教育、冒险、健康、暴力和犯罪。本文探讨了男性气质与风险之间的关系。冒险非但不被认为是反社会的，也不应该被避免，反而被用来定义年轻的男子气概，并被当作一种成年礼来寻找和体验。拥有多个性伴侣是“真实的男人”的标志，而不被认为是“真实的男人”是不明智的--在恐同的环境中可能是致命的。奇怪的是，通过污名化对女性的“不足”性兴趣和对多个女性伴侣的追求，同性恋恐惧症成为异性恋风险的有力驱动力。虽然风险是男子气概的决定性因素，但安全不是。避免“性失败”的名声往往优先于怀孕或感染性传播感染的威胁。相反，怀孕证实了男子气概和性能力即使是在不想要的时候。研究发现，安全直接挑战了成年人的义务，这可能解释了为什么艾滋病毒控制如此困难。如果存在显得缺乏性经验或失去勃起的风险，特别是如果这种“失败”的细节可能会泄露，那么就放弃避孕套。同样，禁欲和坚持一个伴侣与阳刚的男子气概不相容，表现出对异性恋兴趣不足可能意味着同性恋，并引发恐同后果。所有形式的性安全，因为他们目前的框架-避孕套，减少伴侣，禁欲-含蓄地挑战男性规范和所有传达阉割的概念。
Between 2006 and 2008, detailed interviews were conducted with 138 men with a median age of 24 years (ranging from 16 to 39) from seven Anglophone Caribbean countries and one territory: Anguilla, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago. The interviews investigated prevalent construction(s) of masculinity in the region, with particular attention to transitions from childhood to manhood, boys' education, risk-taking, health, violence, and crime. This paper examines the relationship between masculinity and risk. Far from being considered antisocial and to be avoided, risk-taking serves to define youthful masculinity and is sought out and experienced as a rite of passage. Having multiple female sexual partners is a hallmark of a "real man" and not being considered a "real man" is shameful-potentially fatal in homophobic settings. Paradoxically, by stigmatizing "insufficient" sexual interest in women and valorizing the quest for multiple female partners, homophobia acts as a potent driver of heterosexual risk. While risk was definitive of masculinity, safety was not. Avoiding a reputation for "sexual failure" often takes precedence over the threat of pregnancy or catching a sexually transmissible infection. On the contrary, pregnancy confirms manhood and sexual potency-even when it is unwanted. The research found that safety directly challenges the obligations of manhood and this may explain why HIV control has been so difficult. Condoms are foregone if there is a risk of appearing sexually inexperienced or of losing an erection, especially if details of this "failure" might leak out. Likewise, abstinence and sticking to one partner are incompatible with virile masculinity and displaying insufficient heterosexual interest can imply homosexuality and provoke homophobic consequences. All forms of sexual safety as they are currently framed-condoms, partner reduction, and abstinence-implicitly challenge masculine norms and all convey notions of emasculation.