How Can We Efficiently Fabricate Nanostructured Materials with Unprecedented Properties?
How Can We Efficiently Fabricate Nanostructured Materials with Unprecedented Properties?
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我们如何有效地制造具有前所未有的性能的纳米结构材料？
DOI：
10.1021/accountsmr.1c00180
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
14.6
通讯作者：
Snyder, Joshua
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
McCue, Ian;Snyder, Joshua
几十年的研究一直致力于研究纳米结构材料的性能，例如，单晶线，多孔材料，多晶和层压材料，其应用范围从多相催化剂到高强度结构。1对纳米材料的兴趣是由它们的新的（通常是增强的）特性所激发的，这些特性归因于大的界面面积和高的表面缺陷浓度。2纳米级催化剂由于表面应变、增加的悬挂键数量和由表面/亚表面原子相互作用建立的独特表面电子态而表现出上级活性。3，4例如，大块Au表面相对惰性，但Au纳米颗粒表现出优异的催化性能。1，3以类似的方式，纳米晶体金属具有非常高的屈服强度，这是由于塑性机制在有限体积内和靠近界面处操作的屏障增加。不幸的是，这些材料的制造技术往往是资源密集型的，不能转化为商业规模的加工。材料科学面临的重大挑战之一是在相关的时间、长度和能量尺度上从观测科学转向控制科学。6换句话说，解决这个问题：我们如何有效地制造具有前所未有的性能的纳米结构材料？作者们正在通过研究低成本和低能耗的方法来解决这个可扩展处理的问题，例如通过去合金化的自组织。我们将自组织定义为具有特征长度尺度和形态的三维结构的自发出现。去合金化，传统上是一种腐蚀现象，是从合金中选择性溶解一种或多种元素。1，7尽管早在列奥纳多达芬奇8就有关于这一过程的报道，但直到最近，研究人员才将其确定为将纳米级特征（称为韧带）设计成材料的有效方法。这种纳米级工程可以通过考虑线性稳定性分析来理解（图1）：选择性溶解用于粗糙化和扰动表面。9如果剩余元素的表面迁移率足够高，则脱合金化驱动具有特征韧带直径和形态的膨胀三维结构的出现。7，9这种方法令作者兴奋的是，它是自发的，并且在初始合金制造之外需要最小的能量消耗。然而，图1仅示出了去合金化的最简单的实施例，并且存在许多动力学和热力学因素，这些因素可以被利用来以纳米级设计图案形成，其中一些已经在文献中实现，但是更多的仍然未被探索。本观点旨在通过去合金化提供对当前自组织状态的视角，以及使这一重大挑战成为现实的知识差距。为了清楚起见，我们将这些知识差距分为不同的重点，如图2所示，其各个方面将在以下部分中讨论。
Decades of research have been devoted to studying the properties of nanostructured materials eg, single crystalline wires, porous materials, polycrystals and laminates for applications ranging from heterogeneous catalysts to highstrength structures. 1 Interest in nanoscale materials is motivated by their new (and often enhanced) properties, which are attributed to large interfacial areas and high surface defect concentrations. 2 Nanoscale catalysts exhibit superior activities due to surface strains, increased population of dangling bonds, and unique surface electronic states established by surface/subsurface atomic interactions. 3, 4 For instance, bulk Au surfaces are relatively inert but Au nanoparticles exhibit excellent catalytic behavior. 1, 3 In a similar fashion, nanocrystalline metals possess exceptionally high yield strengths due to an increased barrier for plasticity mechanisms to operate in confined volumes and in close proximity to interfaces. 1, 2, 5 Unfortunately, fabrication techniques for these materials are frequently resource-intensive and cannot be translated into commercial-scale processing. One of the grand challenges in materials science is pivoting from observational science to control science at relevant time, length, and energy scales. 6 In other words, addressing the question: how can we efficiently fabricate nanostructured materials with unprecedented properties? The authors are tackling this issue of scalable processing by researching lowcost and low-energy methods, such as self-organization via dealloying. We define self-organization as the spontaneous emergence of a three-dimensional structure with a characteristic length scale and morphology. Dealloying, traditionally a corrosion phenomenon, is the selective dissolution of one or more element (s) from an alloy. 1, 7 Although reports on this process date as far back as Leonardo Da Vinci, 8 only recently have researchers identified it as an effective method to engineer nanoscale features (called ligaments) into a material. This nanoscale engineering can be understood by considering linear stability analysis (Figure 1): selective dissolution serves to roughen and perturb the surface. 9 If the surface mobility of the remaining elements is sufficiently high, dealloying drives the emergence of a percolating, three-dimensional structure with a characteristic ligament diameter and morphology. 7, 9 What excites the authors about this approach is that it is spontaneous and requires minimal energy expenditure beyond the initial alloy fabrication. 1, 7, 10 However, Figure 1 only illustrates the most simplistic embodiment of dealloying, and there are numerous kinetic and thermodynamic factors that can be harnessed to engineer pattern formation at the nanoscale some of which have been realized in the literature, but many more remain unexplored. This Viewpoint is intended to provide a perspective on the current state of selforganization via dealloying and what knowledge gaps remain to make this grand challenge a reality. For clarity, we have broken these knowledge gaps into distinct thrusts, Figure 2, whose individual aspects will be addressed in the following sections.
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影响因子：
41.2
作者：
P. Lopes;Dongguo Li;Haifeng Lv;Chao Wang;D. Tripković;Yisi Zhu;Roberto Schimmenti;H. Daimon;Yijin Kang;J. Snyder;Nigel Becknell;K. More;D. Strmčnik;N. Markovic;M. Mavrikakis;V. Stamenković
通讯作者：
P. Lopes;Dongguo Li;Haifeng Lv;Chao Wang;D. Tripković;Yisi Zhu;Roberto Schimmenti;H. Daimon;Yijin Kang;J. Snyder;Nigel Becknell;K. More;D. Strmčnik;N. Markovic;M. Mavrikakis;V. Stamenković
列奥纳多·达·芬奇《大西洋手抄本》的一页中用硝酸分离金和银的过程
影响因子：
0.6
作者：
L. Reti
通讯作者：
L. Reti
影响因子：
27.8
作者：
Chatterjee, Swarnendu;Peng, Xiong;Snyder, Joshua
通讯作者：
Snyder, Joshua
影响因子：
3.6
作者：
McCue, Ian;Ryan, Stephen;Erlebacher, Jonah
通讯作者：
Erlebacher, Jonah
形状会影响纳米尺度的形状变化吗？
影响因子：
5
作者：
M. Demkowicz
通讯作者：
M. Demkowicz