Tokyo government tries governance: development and problems of public administration in Japan's capital city
Tokyo government tries governance: development and problems of public administration in Japan's capital city
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东京政府尝试治理：日本首都公共行政的发展与问题
DOI：
10.1177/002085239806400206
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发表时间：
1998
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Akira Nakamura
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Akira Nakamura
东京是日本首都圈的核心。该地区无疑是世界上城市化程度最高的大都市区之一。日本的首都充满了大量的现代技术。例如，1990年，东京有600多万电话用户。这一数字超过了纽约的290万和首尔的430万。然而，东京可能比其他工业化国家的首都更有二分法。其现代化的外观，集中体现在摩天大楼，往往掩盖了城市的落后特点，特别是在城市设施领域。住房是日本首都面临的最突出的问题之一。最新数据显示，中心区每套住房面积平均为60平方米，即人均约22平方米。对于公寓，这一数字分别下降到35平方米和17平方米。难怪一位法国部长曾经嘲笑东京的生活条件，指出许多日本人被迫住在“兔子窝”里。除了住房，东京在许多重要领域缺乏其他城市舒适设施。在公园面积方面，首都人均仅为422平方米，而伦敦和纽约的类似数字分别为25.5和144平方米。同样，尽管有许多摩天大楼，但城市的一些地区仍然没有配备污水处理系统。在其中一个住宅区町田，污水系统的开发只覆盖了61%的面积。即使在设有污水处理设施的地区，主要的污水渠亦往往较浅及细小，以致不能发挥应有的功能。首都的闹市区是高层建筑只在深夜无人的时候排放废水的例子之一。在政治和行政上，首都也面临着几个严重的困境。对于许多市民来说，东京不仅仅是首都地区。它代表了日本向其公民提供的东西。1100多万人，约占全国总人口的10%，
Tokyo forms the core of the capital region of Japan. The area is undoubtedly one of the most urbanized metropolitan districts in the world. Japan's capital city is filled with enormous numbers of modern technologies. In 1990, for instance, Tokyo had more than 6 million telephone subscribers. The number surpassed both New York's 2.9 million and Seoul's 4.3 million. However, and perhaps more than other capital cities among industrialized nations, Tokyo is full of dichotomies. Its modern outlook, epitomized by skyscrapers, often belies the city's backward features especially in the area of urban amenities. Housing marks one of the most conspicuous problems that faces Japan's capital city. The latest data indicate that the floor area per housing unit in the central section averages 60 square metres, or about 22 square metres per resident. For apartments, the figures decline to 35 and 17 square metres, respectively. It is no wonder that a French minister once ridiculed Tokyo's living conditions by noting that many Japanese are obliged to live in a “rabbit hutch”. In addition to housing, Tokyo lacks other urban comforts in a number of important fields. In regard to park areas, the capital city scores only 422 square metres per person, while the analogous figures for London and New York stand at 25.5 and 144 square metres, respectively. Likewise, despite many skyscrapers, some sections of the city are still not equipped with a sewage system. In one of the residential districts, Machida, the sewage system development covers only 61 percent of the area. Even in those districts which are equipped with sewage, main conduits are usually shallow and small and thus fail to function properly. The downtown section of the capital is one of the examples where the city allows high-rise buildings to dispose of waste water only at midnight, when people are not around the perimeter.Politically and administratively, too, Japan's capital city is enveloped by several critical dilemmas. For many citizens, Tokyo is more than the capital region. It represents what Japan offers its citizens. More than 11 million people, which accounts for approximately 10 percent of the country's total population,