Effect of Gd-doping on electrochromic properties of sputter deposited WO3 films.
Effect of Gd-doping on electrochromic properties of sputter deposited WO3 films.
复制标题
Gd掺杂对溅射沉积WO3薄膜电致变色性能的影响
DOI：
10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.12.290
复制
发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
6.2
通讯作者：
Chun Li
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yi Yin;Changyong Lan;Shouming Hu;Chun Li
氧化钨 (WO3) 具有独特的离子插入诱导着色行为，作为代表性的电致变色 (EC) 材料已被深入研究多年。为了增强其 EC 性能，采用了纳米结构、等离子体工程和金属离子掺杂等策略。在这里，我们证明稀土元素钆（Gd）掺杂可以有效提高溅射非晶WO3的着色效率（η）（对于0.57wt%掺杂，在最大人眼敏感波长520nm处增强约30%）。结合薄膜结构表征和电化学分析，这种增量可归因于WO3表面形成的单斜晶Gd2O3纳米岛增强了薄膜的电荷容量和反应动力学。中等 Gd 掺杂 WO3 薄膜 (0.9%) 实现了大透射率调制（800 nm 处 76%）、高着色效率（633 nm 处 68.3cm2C−1）和快速切换速度（着色和漂白时间分别为 7.8 和 10.4 秒）。然而，进一步增加Gd掺杂会导致η降低，这可能是由于过量的Gd2O3抑制了电解质渗透到活性材料中。我们相信，了解 Gd 掺杂对 WO3 电化学行为的影响可能有助于为节能智能窗选择合适的掺杂元素及其浓度。
With distinct ion insertion-induced tinting behavior, tungsten oxide (WO3) has been intensively studied as a representative electrochromic (EC) material for many years. To enhance its EC properties, strategies including nanostructuring, plasmonic engineering, and metal ion doping have been adopted. Here, we show that rare earth element of gadolinium (Gd) doping can effectively improve the coloration efficiency (η) of a sputtered amorphous WO3(∼30% enhancement at the maximum of eye-sensitive wavelength of 520 nm for 0.57 wt% doping). By combining the film structural characterization and electrochemical analysis, such an increment can be attributed to the monoclinic Gd2O3nanoislands formed on WO3surface which enhanced charge capacity and reaction kinetics of the film. The large transmittance modulation (76% at 800 nm), high coloration efficiency (68.3 cm2C−1at 633 nm) and fast switching speed (7.8 and 10.4 s for coloration and bleach time, respectively) were achieved for the modest Gd-doped WO3film (0.9%). However, further increasing of Gd doping results in decreasing ofη, which could be attributed to the excess amount of Gd2O3that inhibits the penetration of electrolyte into the active material. We believe that the understanding of the Gd-doping effect on the electrochemical behaviours of WO3may shed light on selecting the proper doping elements and their concentration for energy-saving smart windows.