Tropical impact on the interannual variability and long-term trend of the Southern Annular Mode during austral summer from 1960/1961 to 2001/2002

Tropical impact on the interannual variability and long-term trend of the Southern Annular Mode during austral summer from 1960/1961 to 2001/2002
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1960/1961至2001/2002年澳大利亚夏季热带对南环模的年际变化和长期趋势的影响

DOI:
10.1007/s00382-014-2299-x
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发表时间:
2002
期刊:
影响因子:
4.6
通讯作者:
Gollan
Gollan
中科院分区:
地球科学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Greatbatch;Gollan

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利用(1)由观测到的风应力驱动的部分耦合气候模式(PCM)和(2)采用松弛技术的ECMWF大气模式,研究了1960/1961-2001/2002年ERA-40期间热带对南方夏季南环模(SAM)的影响。研究表明,热带影响主要受El Niño南方涛动(ENSO)的影响,而弛豫实验表明存在独立于ENSO的额外影响。在观测中,我们发现ENSO对夏季SAM的同时影响在1979年后比以前强得多,结果是PCM的集合平均值在1979年后捕获了SAM年际变化的50%左右,而在1979年后捕获的年际变化不到10%。然而,在PCM的整体平均中,ENSO与夏季SAM的关系在1960/1961-2001/2002期间是稳定的,而个别的整体成员表现出与观测中发现的非平稳关系。由此可见,与用于驱动PCM的观测风强迫无关的变率对于模糊ENSO/SAM关系很重要。弛豫试验表明,即使在1979年以前,热带强迫对夏季SAM的年际变化和趋势都有重要影响。将观测到的温带海表温度和海冰(SSTSI)加入到热带弛豫运行中,可以改善模式的性能,表明温带海表温度和海冰对SAM有正反馈。
Tropical influence on the austral summer Southern Annular Mode (SAM) over the ERA-40 period 1960/1961–2001/2002 is investigated using (1) a partially coupled climate model (PCM) driven by observed wind stress and (2) a version of the ECMWF atmospheric model by means of a relaxation technique. We show that the tropical influence in the PCM is dominated by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) whereas the relaxation experiments suggest an additional influence independent of ENSO. In the observations, we find that the simultaneous influence of ENSO on the summer SAM was much stronger after 1979 than before, with the consequence that the ensemble mean of the PCM captures around 50 % of the interannual variance of the SAM after 1979 and less than 10 % before. Nevertheless, in the ensemble mean of the PCM, the relationship between ENSO and the summer SAM is stable throughout the whole period 1960/1961–2001/2002, and it is the individual ensemble members that exhibit a non-stationary relationship like that found in the observations. It follows that variability not related to the observed wind forcing used to drive the PCM is important for obscuring the ENSO/SAM relationship. The experiments using relaxation show that tropical forcing was important for both the interannual variability and the trend of the summer SAM, even before 1979. Adding the observed extratropical sea surface temperature and sea-ice (SSTSI) to the tropical relaxation runs improves the model performance, indicative of a positive feedback from extratropical SSTSI onto the SAM.
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DOI: --
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