Elastography: general principles and clincial applications.
Elastography: general principles and clincial applications.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cult.2013.09.006
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发表时间：
2014-01
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弹性成像可显示正常和病变组织的生物力学特性差异（Sarvazyan等人，1995; Krouskop等人，1998; Samani等人，2007;帕克等人，2011）。弹性成像是在20世纪80年代末到90年代初开发的，以改善超声成像（Lerner和帕克1987; Lerner等1988; Ophir等1991;奥唐纳等1994），但是超声弹性成像的成功激发了研究人员开发基于磁共振成像的类似物（Muthupillai等，1995; Bishop等，2000; Sinkus等，2000; Weaver等，2001）和光学相干断层扫描（Khalil等，2005;柯克帕特里克等，2006; Ko等，2006）。在本章中，我们将重点介绍超声技术，并简要介绍基于磁共振成像的方法。弹性成像的一般原理可以概括如下：（1）使用准静态、谐波或瞬态机械源扰动组织;（2）测量由此产生的机械响应（位移、应变或振幅和振动相位）;以及（3）通过将简化或连续力学模型应用于所测量的力学响应来推断下层组织的生物力学性质（Manduca等人，1998; Ophir等人，2000; Bamber等人，2002; Greenleaf等人，2003;帕克等人，2011）。在本章中，我们将描述（a）准静态、谐波和瞬态弹性成像的一般原理（见图1）--弹性成像最常用的方法;（B）弹性成像的物理学--每种方法中控制运动的基本运动方程。我们还提供了每种方法的临床应用的例子。
Elastography visualizes differences in the biomechanical properties of normal and diseased tissues (Sarvazyan et al. 1995; Krouskop et al. 1998; Samani et al. 2007; Parker et al. 2011). Elastography was developed in the late 1980s to early 1990s to improve ultrasonic imaging (Lerner and Parker 1987; Lerner et al. 1988; Ophir et al. 1991; O’Donnell et al. 1994), but the success of ultrasonic elastography has inspired investigators to develop analogues based on magnetic resonance imaging (Muthupillai et al. 1995; Bishop et al. 2000; Sinkus et al. 2000; Weaver et al. 2001), and optical coherence tomography (Khalil et al. 2005; Kirkpatrick et al. 2006; Ko et al. 2006). In this chapter, we will focus on ultrasonic techniques with a brief reference to approaches based on magnetic resonance imaging.The general principle of elastography can be summarized as follows:(1) perturb the tissue using a quasi-static, harmonic, or transient mechanical source;(2) measure the resulting mechanical response (displacement, strain or amplitude and phase of vibration); and (3) infer the biomechanical properties of the underlying tissue by applying either a simplified or continuum mechanical model to the measured mechanical response (Manduca et al. 1998; Ophir et al. 2000; Bamber et al. 2002; Greenleaf et al. 2003; Parker et al. 2011). In this chapter, we will describe (a) the general principles of quasi-static, harmonic, and transient elastography (see Fig. 1)—the most popular approaches to elastography and (b) the physics of elastography—the underlying equations of motion that governs the motion in each approach. We also provide examples of clinical applications of each approach.