How economic contexts shape calculations of yield in biodiversity offsetting
How economic contexts shape calculations of yield in biodiversity offsetting
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经济环境如何影响生物多样性抵消中的产量计算
DOI：
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
S. Sullivan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
L. Carver;S. Sullivan
我们检查和分析了用于在受开发影响的地点和拟议的保护抵消地点之间创建数值等效的方法。在发展影响和缓解评估中应用生物多样性抵消指标被认为使生物多样性保护结果标准化，有时被进行这些计算的人称为产量。然而，生物多样性补偿的应用尚不成熟，这意味着人们对生物多样性的评估和开发与补偿地点之间的补偿合同在实践中如何达成一致或对长期保护结果知之甚少。在英国一项由政府主导的生物多样性补偿试点研究中，我们研究了如何使地点可通约，以及如何计算生物多样性收益或产量，并就特定的补偿合同进行谈判。在过去的24个月里，我们通过反复访问3个（匿名的）生物多样性补偿合同地点，对补偿合同谈判的各个阶段进行了参与者观察。我们对地区和地方政府、私营部门和民间社会的利益相关者进行了50次半结构化访谈。我们使用定性数据分析软件程序（DEDOOSE）对访谈记录进行文本分析。我们还比较了生物多样性抵消计算电子表格和规划文件的连续迭代。一个特别的焦点是一个特定的生物多样性影响评估的不同迭代，其中使用了英国环境、食品和农村事务部开发的生物多样性抵消指标。我们强调三个主要发现。首先，生物多样性抵消指标以创造性的方式进行了修改，因为用户适应了度量计算的输入，以平衡和协商相互冲突的要求。其次，通过应用生物多样性抵消指标使不同栖息地相互等效的做法导致了可能无法提供预计保护收益的通约率结果。第三，创造物有所值的压力降低了预计的保护收益。
We examined and analyzed methods used to create numerical equivalence between sites affected by development and proposed conservation offset sites. Application of biodiversity offsetting metrics in development impact and mitigation assessments is thought to standardize biodiversity conservation outcomes, sometimes termed yield by those conducting these calculations. The youth of biodiversity offsetting in application, however, means little is known about how biodiversity valuations and offset contracts between development and offset sites are agreed on in practice or about long‐term conservation outcomes. We examined how sites were made commensurable and how biodiversity gains or yields were calculated and negotiated for a specific offset contract in a government‐led pilot study of biodiversity offsets in England. Over 24 months, we conducted participant observations of various stages in the negotiation of offset contracts through repeated visits to 3 (anonymized) biodiversity offset contract sites. We conducted 50 semistructured interviews of stakeholders in regional and local government, the private sector, and civil society. We used a qualitative data analysis software program (DEDOOSE) to textually analyze interview transcriptions. We also compared successive iterations of biodiversity‐offsetting calculation spreadsheets and planning documents. A particular focus was the different iterations of a specific biodiversity impact assessment in which the biodiversity offsetting metric developed by the U.K.’s Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs was used. We highlight 3 main findings. First, biodiversity offsetting metrics were amended in creative ways as users adapted inputs to metric calculations to balance and negotiate conflicting requirements. Second, the practice of making different habitats equivalent to each other through the application of biodiversity offsetting metrics resulted in commensuration outcomes that may not provide projected conservation gains. Third, the pressure of creating value for money diminished projected conservation yields.
影响因子：
7.6
作者：
S. Sullivan;M. Hannis
通讯作者：
S. Sullivan;M. Hannis