How about another piece of pie: the allusional pretense theory of discourse irony.
How about another piece of pie: the allusional pretense theory of discourse irony.
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再来一块馅饼怎么样：话语反讽的暗示假装理论。
DOI：
10.1037//0096-3445.124.1.3
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发表时间：
1995
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Brown,M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kumon-Nakamura,S;Glucksberg,S;Brown,M
典故假装理论认为，讽刺性话语通过暗示一个失败的期望而产生效果。在正常的谈话中，这是通过违反话语的语用规则来实现的，通常是真诚的准则。这种违背同时引起听者对失败的期望的注意，并表达说话者对失败的期望的态度（通常但不一定是消极的）。使用各种话语类型，3个实验测试的理论。第一个实验使用了四种言语行为类型，结果表明，在具有讽刺意味的话语中，不真诚和典故的感知频率远远高于字面意思。第二个实验表明，经常表达的负面态度与讽刺话语是一个功能的相对频率的积极与消极的期望，而不是一个内在的特征本身的话语讽刺。第三个实验发现，过度礼貌的请求比不礼貌的请求更有可能被讽刺地使用，这可能是因为前者可以服务于说话者的礼貌考虑，同时传达一个有意的请求和说话者的态度。反语主要是用来表达说话人对反语所指对象的态度，同时也能达到其他目的，如幽默、减少威胁、礼貌等。
The allusional pretense theory claims that ironic remarks have their effects by alluding to a failed expectation. In normal conversation, this is accomplished by violating pragmatic rules of discourse, usually the maxim of sincerity. Such violations simultaneously draw a listener's attention to the failed expectation and express the speaker's attitude (normally but not necessarily negative) toward the failed expectation. Using a variety of utterance types, 3 experiments tested the theory. The first experiment, using 4 speech act types, showed that both insincerity and allusion were perceived far more frequently in ironically intended utterances than in literally intended ones. The second experiment demonstrated that the negative attitudes frequently expressed with ironic utterances are a function of the relative frequency of positive versus negative expectations and not an intrinsic characteristic of discourse irony per se. The third experiment found that over-polite requests are more likely to be used ironically than under-polite ones, presumably because the former can serve a speaker's politeness considerations while simultaneously conveying both an intended request and the speaker's attitude. It was concluded that irony is used primarily to express a speaker's attitude toward the referent of the ironic utterance, while simultaneously fulfilling other goals as well, such as to be humorous, to make a situation less face threatening, and to serve politeness considerations.