Watershed-scale hydrologic and nonpoint-source pollution models: Review of applications
Watershed-scale hydrologic and nonpoint-source pollution models: Review of applications
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DOI：
10.13031/2013.16110
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发表时间：
2004-05-01
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影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Bera, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Borah, DK;Bera, M
对模型的清晰理解对于正确使用模型非常重要。本文综述了11个流域尺度水文和非点源污染模型：AGNOW、AnnAGNOW、ANSWERS、ANSWERS-Continuous、CASC 2D、DWSM、HSPF KINEROS、MIKE SHE、PRMS和SWAT AnnAGNOW、ANSWERS-Continuous、HSPF和SWAT是分析水文变化和流域管理措施，特别是农业措施长期影响的连续模拟模型。AGRESS，ANSWERS，DWSM和KINEROS是单次降雨事件模式，可用于分析严重的实际或设计单次事件风暴，并评估流域管理措施，特别是结构措施。CASC2D、MIKE SHE和PRMS具有长期和单事件仿真能力。数学基础，这些数学模型的最重要和最关键的元素，确定和汇编。本文以表格形式对汇编工作进行了全面总结。讨论了这11个模型中所采用的流动控制方程及其求解方法。汇编这些模型的数学基础将有助于确定这些模型最适合的问题、情况或条件、预期的准确性和不确定性、其全部潜在用途和局限性以及改进或新发展的方向。AGESTO，AnnAGESTO，DWSM，HSPF MIKE SHE和SWAT被认为具有适用于流域尺度集水区的所有三个主要组成部分（水文，沉积物和化学）。SWAT是一个很有前途的模型，在主要是农业流域的连续模拟，和HSPF是有前途的混合农业和城市流域。在单事件模型中，DWSM在简单但近似的模型和计算密集的模型之间提供了一种平衡，因此，DWSM是一种有前途的农业流域暴雨事件模型。三个流域尺度水文和非点源污染模型，都具有三个主要组成部分（水文学、沉积物和化学），是根据对11个模型的回顾而选择的。（AGEARS、AnnAGEARS、ANSWERS、ANSWERS-Continuous、CASC2D、DWSM、HSPF、KINEROS、MIKE SHE、PRMS和SWAT）。这些被选中的是SWAT，一个有前途的模型，长期连续模拟主要是农业流域; HSPF，一个有前途的模型，长期连续模拟混合农业和城市流域;和DWSM，一个有前途的风暴事件（降雨）模拟模型，农业和郊区流域。在这篇文章中，这三个模型的应用，报告和文献中发现，进行了审查和讨论。编译了17个SWAT、12个HSPF和18个DWSM应用。SWAT和HSPF需要大量的数据和经验参数进行开发和校准。DWSM具有高效的基于物理（过程）的模拟例程，因此具有少量的校准参数。SWAT和HSPF被认为适合预测年流量，泥沙和营养负荷。月预报一般都很好，除了有极端风暴事件和水文条件的月份。每日模拟极端流量事件是穷人DWSM合理预测分布流量过程线，浓度或流量图的沉积物，营养物质，农药在小的时间间隔，降雨事件。这些互补的模型和其他可能具有不同优势的模型的结合使用是必要的，以充分解决水的数量和质量问题及其解决方案。
A clear understanding of a model is important for its appropriate use. In this article, eleven watershed scale hydrologic and nonpoint-source pollution models are reviewed: AGNPS, AnnAGNPS, ANSWERS, ANSWERS-Continuous, CASC2D, DWSM, HSPF KINEROS, MIKE SHE, PRMS, and SWAT AnnAGNPS, ANSWERS- Continuous, HSPF, and SWAT are continuous simulation models useful for analyzing long-term effects of hydrological changes and watershed management practices, especially agricultural practices. AGNPS, ANSWERS, DWSM, and KINEROS are single rainfall event models useful for anal wing severe actual or design single-event storms and evaluating watershed management practices, especially structural practices. CASC2D, MIKE SHE, and PRMS have both long-term and single-event simulation capabilities. Mathematical bases, the most important and critical elements of these mathematical models, were identified and compiled. In this article, a comprehensive summary of the compilation is presented in tabular form. The flow-governing equations and their solution methods used in each of the eleven models are discussed. The compilation of the mathematical bases of these models would be useful to determine the problems, situations, or conditions for which the models are most suitable, the accuracies and uncertainties expected, their full potential uses and limitations, and directions for their enhancements or new developments. AGNPS, AnnAGNPS, DWSM, HSPF MIKE SHE, and SWAT were found to have all the three major components (hydrology, sediment, and chemical) applicable to watershed-scale catchments. SWAT is a promising model for continuous simulations in predominantly agricultural watersheds, and HSPF is promising for mixed agricultural and urban watersheds. Among the single-event models, DWSM provides a balance between the simple but approximate and the computationally intensive models and, therefore, is a promising storm event model for agricultural watersheds.Three watershed-scale hydrologic and nonpoint-source pollution models, all having the three major components (hydrology, sediment, and chemical), were selected based on a review of eleven models (AGNPS, AnnAGNPS, ANSWERS, ANSWERS-Continuous, CASC2D, DWSM, HSPF, KINEROS, MIKE SHE, PRMS, and SWAT) presented in a companion article. Those selected were SWAT a promising model for long-term continuous simulations in predominantly agricultural watersheds; HSPF, a promising model for long-term continuous simulations in mixed agricultural and urban watersheds; and DWSM, a promising storm event (rainfall) simulation model for agricultural and suburban watersheds. In this article, applications of these three models, as reported and found in the literature, are reviewed and discussed. Seventeen SWAT twelve HSPF and eighteen DWSM applications are compiled. SWAT and HSPF require a significant amount of data and empirical parameters for development and calibration. DWSM has efficient physically (process) based simulation routines and therefore has a small number of calibration parameters. SWAT and HSPF were found suitable for predicting yearly flow volumes, sediment, and nutrient loads. Monthly predictions were generally good, except for months having extreme storm events and hydrologic conditions. Daily simulations of extreme flow events were poor DWSM reasonably predicted distributed flow hydrographs, and concentration or discharge graphs of sediment, nutrient, and pesticides at small time intervals resulting from rainfall events. Combined use of these complementary models and perhaps other models having different strengths is warranted to adequately; address water quantity and quality problems and their solutions.