TRADE-OFFS AND CONSTRAINTS ON EASTERN KINGBIRD PARENTAL CARE
TRADE-OFFS AND CONSTRAINTS ON EASTERN KINGBIRD PARENTAL CARE
复制标题
东方翠鸟家长护理的权衡与限制
DOI：
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发表时间：
1994
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. T. Murphy
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. M. Rosa;M. T. Murphy
对10个东方王鸟(Tyrannus Tyrannus)的巢进行了97h的观察，以确定与年龄相关的父母照料的变化，并确定在摄食、孵化和警戒行为方面可能的权衡和约束。摄食率(TRIPS/h)与雏龄、雏数呈正相关，与警戒时间呈负相关。人均雏鸟喂食率(TRIPS/雏鸟/小时)受雏鸟数量、降雨量和警戒时间的影响最大。孵化雏鸟所花费的时间随着雏鸟年龄的增长和气温的升高而减少，而遮蔽雏鸟所花费的时间仅随云层的变化而变化(相反)。警觉时间平均为每小时的20%，与年龄和雏鸟大小无关，但与筑巢维持时间(孵化和遮阳)、觅食次数和巢的能见度呈负相关。天气对觅食和孵化行为有很大影响，但无论其他因素如何，帝王鸟似乎都会预留时间保持警惕。因此，父母的行为反映了大量因素的作用，这些因素要求在对幼崽的喂养、赡养和保护的时间分配上做出妥协。9月10日收到
Ten Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) nests were observed for 97 h to determine age-related changes in parental care and to identify possible trade-offs and con- straints on feeding, brooding, and vigilant behavior. Feeding rate (trips/h) was related pos- itively to nestling age and brood size, but related negatively to amount of time spent vigilant. Per capita nestling feeding rates (trips/nestling/h) were affected most strongly and negatively by brood size, precipitation, and time spent vigilant. Time spent brooding declined as nest- lings aged and as air temperature rose, whereas the amount of time spent shading nestlings varied only (inversely) with cloud cover. Vigilance time averaged about 20% of each hour, was independent of age and brood size, but was related negatively to amount of time spent in nestling maintenance (brooding plus shading), the number of feeding trips made to nests, and nest visibility. Weather had major influences on feeding and brooding behaviors, but regardless of other factors, kingbirds appear to reserve time for vigilance. Parental behavior thus reflects the action of a large number of factors that require compromises in the appor- tionment of time to the feeding, maintenance, and protection of young. Received 10 Sept.