Are standardized diesel exhaust particles (DEP) representative of ambient particles in air pollution toxicological studies?
Are standardized diesel exhaust particles (DEP) representative of ambient particles in air pollution toxicological studies?
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DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147854
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发表时间：
2021-09-20
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Sioutas C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Farahani VJ;Pirhadi M;Sioutas C
在这项研究中，我们调查了标准化柴油废气颗粒（DEP）的化学特性，并将其与在不同城市环境中收集的读数世界颗粒物（PM）的化学特性进行了比较，以评估标准化DEP在多大程度上可以代表环境颗粒用于毒理学研究。从美国国家标准技术研究院（NIST）获得标准物质SRM-2975，对其元素碳（EC）、有机碳（OC）、多环芳烃（PAHs）、无机离子以及几种金属和微量元素的含量进行了化学分析。对过滤后的DEP样品进行分析，发现EC含量非常高（~ 397 ng/μ PM），与OC含量（~405 ng/μ PM）相当。这与典型的配备过滤器的柴油动力车辆排放的颗粒中的碳含量形成对比，其中观察到的EC排放水平较低。此外，DEP样本的EC质量分数与美国多个城市地区观察到的环境PM水平不匹配，包括洛杉矶（8%）、休斯顿（~14%）、匹兹堡（~12%）和纽约（~17%）。我们的结果表明，DEP样品中缺乏几种高分子量致癌多环芳烃，这与我们在洛杉矶主要高速公路上的测量结果不同。在样品中观察到的无机离子水平可以忽略不计，并且DEP中不含有通过大气中同步反应形成的有毒二次有机气溶胶（SOAs）。最后，对氧化还原活性金属和微量元素的分析表明，洛杉矶道路上的许多物种，包括车辆排放示踪剂（例如，Ba, Ti, Mn, Fe）的水平几乎是DEP样品中的20倍。基于上述DEP样本的化学成分与在不同条件下测量和记录的真实PM的化学成分之间的不一致，我们得出结论，标准化DEP不适合代表交通排放，也不适合用于毒理学研究的典型环境PM。
In this study, we investigated the chemical characteristics of standardized diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and compared them to those of read-world particulate matter (PM) collected in different urban settings to evaluate the extent to which standardized DEPs can represent ambient particles for use in toxicological studies. Standard reference material SRM-2975 was obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and was chemically analyzed for the content of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), inorganic ions, and several metals and trace elements. The analysis on the filter-collected DEP sample revealed very high levels of EC (i.e., ~397 ng/μg PM) which were comparable to the OC content (~405 ng/μg PM). This is in contrast with the carbonaceous content in the emitted particles from typical filter-equipped diesel-powered vehicles, in which low levels of EC emissions were observed. Furthermore, the EC mass fraction of the DEP sample did not match the observed levels in the ambient PM of multiple US urban areas, including Los Angeles (8%), Houston (~14%), Pittsburgh (~12%), and New York (~17%). Our results illustrated the lack of several high molecular weight carcinogenic PAHs in the DEP samples, unlike our measurements in major freeways of Los Angeles. Negligible levels of inorganic ions were observed in the sample and the DEP did not contain toxic secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) formed through synchronized reactions in the atmosphere. Lastly, the analysis of redox-active metals and trace elements demonstrated that the levels of many species including vehicle emission tracers (e.g., Ba, Ti, Mn, Fe) on Los Angeles roadways were almost 20 times greater than those in the DEP sample. Based on the abovementioned inconsistencies between the chemical composition of the DEP sample and those of real-world PM measured and recorded in different conditions, we conclude that the standardized DEPs are not suitable representatives of traffic emissions nor typical ambient PM to be used in toxicological studies.
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DOI：
10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30505-6
发表时间：
2017-05-13
期刊：
Lancet (London, England)
影响因子：
--
作者：
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通讯作者：
Forouzanfar MH
DOI：
10.1080/10962247.2020.1826366
发表时间：
2021-03
期刊：
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)
影响因子：
--
作者：
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影响因子：
5.2
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8.9
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