Category - Specific semantic deficits
Category - Specific semantic deficits
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发表时间：
2008-07
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通讯作者：
George S. Cree;K. McRae;Larry Barsalou;Mike Dixon;Jeff Elman;Albert Katz
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作者：
George S. Cree;K. McRae;Larry Barsalou;Mike Dixon;Jeff Elman;Albert Katz
在类别特定的语义缺陷中，七种倾向于受损/保留的类别被确定。作者假设，尽管患者测试中存在多种来源的差异，但这些趋势还是出现了，因为构成语义记忆的许多因素概率地趋同，使得某些类别的知识比其他类别的知识更容易受到损害。对541个概念的语义特征规范和语料库数据的分析表明，跨类别知识类型分布的差异足以解释其中6个趋势，并且是解释非生物知识丢失的必要条件。特征信息性、概念混淆性、视觉复杂性、熟悉度和名称频率促成了这种模式，并提供了对生物知识最常受损的原因的见解。从婴儿期开始，人类就通过观察、使用、观察他人使用、谈论和阅读这些东西，获得了大量关于生物和非生物的知识。在平常的一天里，人们看着动物四处走动；操作工具和器具；准备、闻、尝食物；听乐器。从这些互动中，人们发展了内部表征，使他们能够讨论和推理这些对象。这种知识通常被称为语义知识，而涉及到这种知识的表示和处理的记忆系统被称为语义记忆。人们对婴儿语义知识的发展感到惊讶，并为阿尔茨海默氏痴呆症等使人衰弱的疾病失去语义知识而感到困扰，但在他们成年后的大部分时间里，他们只是把语义知识视为理所当然。在本文中，我们将深入了解有关实体和对象的信息如何表示、组织和计算。我们的方法包括将从大量语义特征产生规范中产生的数据与在特定类别语义缺陷患者中观察到的损伤模式所施加的约束相结合。目的是通过评估构成语义记忆和影响语义计算的主要因素来评估当前语义记忆模型的有效性。类别特异性语义缺陷的案例是研究语义记忆的人特别感兴趣的，因为损伤模式的规律可以用来推导可能的语义记忆理论的约束。已有超过100个案例研究报告，缺陷通常表现为在某些语义域（生物）相对于其他语义域（非生物）对项目的知识丧失。1 .患者内部和患者之间的规律
Seven trends regarding the categories that tend to be impaired/preserved in category-specific semantic deficits were identified. The authors hypothesized that these trends arise despite the multiple sources of variation in patient testing because numerous factors that structure semantic memory probabilistically converge to make some categories of knowledge more susceptible to damage than others. Analysis of semantic feature norms and corpus data for 541 concepts revealed that differences in the distribution of knowledge types across categories are sufficient to explain 6 of the trends and are necessary to explain loss of knowledge about nonliving things. Feature informativeness, concept confusability, visual complexity , familiarity, and name frequency contributed to this patterning and provide insight into why knowledge about living things is most often impaired. From infancy on, human beings acquire vast amounts of knowledge about living and nonliving things from watching them, using them, observing others use them, and talking and reading about them. In a typical day, people watch animals move about; manipulate tools and utensils; prepare, smell, and taste food; and hear musical instruments. From these interactions, people develop internal representations that allow them to discuss and reason about these objects. This knowledge is often referred to as semantic knowledge, and the memory systems involved in the representation and processing of such knowledge are called semantic memory. People are amazed by the development of semantic knowledge in infants and troubled by its loss in debilitating conditions like dementia of the Alzheimer type, but for most of their adult lives, they simply take semantic knowledge for granted. In this article, we provide insight into how information about entities and objects is represented, organized, and computed. Our approach involved combining data generated from a large set of semantic feature production norms with constraints imposed by the patterns of impairments observed in patients with category-specific semantic deficits. The goal was to evaluate the efficacy of current models of semantic memory by assessing the major factors thought to structure semantic memory and influence semantic computations. Cases of category-specific semantic deficits are of particular interest to those studying semantic memory because regularities in patterns of impairment can be used to derive constraints on possible theories of semantic memory. Over 100 case studies have been reported, with deficits generally manifesting themselves as the loss of knowledge about items in some semantic domains (living things) relative to others (nonliving things). 1 Regularities within and across patients in …