Evolution mediates the effects of apex predation on aquatic food webs
Evolution mediates the effects of apex predation on aquatic food webs
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进化介导顶端捕食对水生食物网的影响
DOI：
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发表时间：
2013
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通讯作者：
M. C. Urban
中科院分区：
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作者：
M. C. Urban
生态和进化机制越来越被认为是塑造当地社区动态的因素。在这里，我评估，如果当地的一个中型捕食者的顶端捕食者的适应改变当地的食物网。大理石蝾螈（Ambystoma opacum）是一种顶级捕食者，它既吃斑点蝾螈（Ambystoma maculatum），也吃浮游动物的猎物。常见的花园实验表明，与大理石蝾螈共存的斑点蝾螈种群比面对其他捕食者物种的种群觅食更激烈。这些觅食的差异，反过来，改变了浮游动物群落的多样性，丰度和组成在共同的花园实验和天然池塘。当地适应斑点蝾螈加剧猎物生物量下降与顶端捕食，但抑制顶端捕食猎物多样性的自上而下的影响。觅食的逆梯度选择解释了为什么当地适应斑点蝾螈加剧猎物生物量下降。这两种蝾螈更喜欢不同的猎物物种，这就解释了为什么适应斑点蝾螈缓冲猎物组成的变化，由于顶端捕食。结果表明，当地的适应可以强烈介导的影响，从顶点捕食当地食物网。社区生态学家可能经常需要考虑种群的进化历史，以了解当地的多样性模式，食物网动态，资源梯度及其对干扰的反应。
Ecological and evolutionary mechanisms are increasingly thought to shape local community dynamics. Here, I evaluate if the local adaptation of a meso-predator to an apex predator alters local food webs. The marbled salamander (Ambystoma opacum) is an apex predator that consumes both the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) and shared zooplankton prey. Common garden experiments reveal that spotted salamander populations which co-occur with marbled salamanders forage more intensely than those that face other predator species. These foraging differences, in turn, alter the diversity, abundance and composition of zooplankton communities in common garden experiments and natural ponds. Locally adapted spotted salamanders exacerbate prey biomass declines associated with apex predation, but dampen the top-down effects of apex predation on prey diversity. Countergradient selection on foraging explains why locally adapted spotted salamanders exacerbate prey biomass declines. The two salamander species prefer different prey species, which explains why adapted spotted salamanders buffer changes in prey composition owing to apex predation. Results suggest that local adaptation can strongly mediate effects from apex predation on local food webs. Community ecologists might often need to consider the evolutionary history of populations to understand local diversity patterns, food web dynamics, resource gradients and their responses to disturbance.