Wolbachia and Speciation
Wolbachia and Speciation
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发表时间：
2004
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通讯作者：
J. Werren
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作者：
J. Werren
沃尔巴克氏菌属细菌是在无脊椎动物的生殖组织(卵巢和睾丸)中发现的细胞质遗传立克次体(Werren 1997年回顾)。这种广泛而常见的细菌在宿主中引起许多生殖变化，包括诱导细胞质不亲和性、孤雌生殖和雌性化。沃尔巴克氏菌特别令人感兴趣，因为它们作为物种形成机制的潜在作用(Laven 1959,1967；Breeuwerand Werren 1990；Coyne 1992)。细胞质不亲和性(CI)是由沃尔巴克氏菌引起的精子和卵子之间的不亲和性，导致合子死亡(在二倍体物种中)或雄性生殖增加(在单倍体物种中)。CI可以发生在品系、种群或密切相关物种之间的杂交中，可以是单向的(一个杂交是相容的，而正反交是不相容的)，也可以是双向的(两个方向的杂交是不相容的)。沃尔巴克氏杆菌引起的脑梗塞已经在广泛的节肢动物中被记录下来(Werren等人。1995A；Werren和O‘Neill 1997)。Ci对物种形成具有明显的潜在意义。如果沃尔巴克氏菌引起的CI导致种群之间完全或几乎完全的生殖隔离，那么种群可能会在遗传上分化并进化成新的物种。尤其令人感兴趣的是，沃尔巴克氏菌的获得是否可以促进生殖隔离的快速发展，从而促进物种形成。孤雌生殖诱导(PI)沃尔巴克氏菌通过操纵未受精卵中的染色体行为在宿主中引起孤雌生殖(Stouthamer和Kazmer 1994；Stouthamer 1997)。通过导致种群内孤雌生殖的快速发展，皮沃尔巴克氏杆菌可能会促进孤雌生殖物种的进化。到目前为止，女性化的沃尔巴克氏菌只在等足类中被描述(Rousset等人。1992a)。这些微生物在物种形成中的直接作用不那么明显。然而，有一个很好的例子是，使微生物女性化导致性别决定机制的快速进化变化(Rigaud和Juchault，1993)，这反过来可能导致不同种群之间的生殖隔离。
Bacteria in the genus Wolbachia are cytoplasmically inherited rickettsia found in the reproductive tissues (ovaries and testes) of invertebrates (reviewed in Werren 1997). This widespread and common group of bacteria cause a number of reproductive alterations in their hosts, including induction of cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis, and feminization. Wolbachia are of particular interest because of their potential role as a mechanism for speciation (Laven 1959, 1967; Breeuwer and Werren 1990; Coyne 1992). Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is an incompatibility between sperm and egg induced by Wolbachia that causes either zygotic death (in diploid species) or increased male production (in haplodiploid species). CI can occur in crosses between strains, populations, or closely related species and can be either unidirectional (one cross is compatible and the reciprocal cross is incompatible) or bidirectional (crosses in both directions are incompatible). Wolbachia-induced CI has been documented in a wide range of arthropods (Werren et al. 1995a; Werren and O'Neill 1997). CI has obvious potential implications for speciation. If Wolbachia-induced CI causes complete or nearly complete reproductive isolation between populations, then the populations can potentially diverge genetically and evolve into new species. Of particular interest is whether acquisition of Wolbachia can promote the rapid development of reproductive isolation, therefore promoting speciation. Parthenogenesis-inducing (PI) Wolbachia cause parthenogenesis in hosts by manipulating chromosome behavior in unfertilized eggs (Stouthamer and Kazmer 1994; Stouthamer 1997). By causing the rapid development of parthenogenesis within populations, PI Wolbachia may promote the evolution of parthenogenetic "species." Feminizing Wolbachia have so far only been described in isopods (Rousset et al. 1992a). The direct role of these microorganisms in speciation is less apparent. However, a good case has been made for feminizing microorganisms causing rapid evolutionary changes in sex determination mechanisms (Rigaud and Juchault 1993), which could in turn lead to reproductive isolation between diverging populations.