Neuropeptides Modulate Female Chemosensory Processing upon Mating in Drosophila.
Neuropeptides Modulate Female Chemosensory Processing upon Mating in Drosophila.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pbio.1002455
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发表时间：
2016-05
期刊：
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Grunwald Kadow IC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hussain A;Üçpunar HK;Zhang M;Loschek LF;Grunwald Kadow IC
女性的生殖状态会影响她对气味和味道的感知，以及她行为状态和生理需求的变化。然而，调节化学感应处理的机制在很大程度上仍然难以捉摸。利用果蝇，我们确定了一种行为、神经元和遗传机制，可以使嗅觉和味觉（食物质量感知的主要方式）适应怀孕雌性的生理需求。具有刺激性气味的多胺，例如腐胺和亚精胺，对于所有动物的细胞增殖、繁殖和胚胎发育至关重要。富含多胺的饮食可以提高许多物种的繁殖成功率，包括苍蝇。结合行为分析和体内生理学，我们发现怀孕雌性中的多胺吸引力是通过 G 蛋白偶联受体、性肽受体 (SPR) 及其神经肽配体 MIP（肌抑制肽）来调节的，MIP 直接作用于检测多胺的嗅觉和味觉神经元。这种调节是由化学感应神经元中 SPR 表达的增加触发的，这足以将处女嗅觉选择行为转变为交配雌性嗅觉选择行为。总之，我们的数据表明，神经肽介导的外周化学感应神经元的调节增加了怀孕女性对重要营养素的偏好，从而确保了其后代的最佳生长条件。在怀孕期间，女性经常报告她们的食物偏好发生变化，有时甚至是巨大的变化。这项研究揭示了一种机制，可以改变交配雌性对气味和味道的感知，从而使她的食物选择适应其生殖状态。食物选择通常与动物的营养需求或生理状态相关。例如，在怀孕期间，女性经常报告她们的食物偏好发生变化，有时变化很大。在某种程度上，这种偏好的变化是由气味和味道感知的变化引起的。研究表明，雌性昆虫也会根据其生殖状态改变其食物和产卵地点偏好。然而，哺乳动物或昆虫中引发这些变化的机制尚不清楚。我们揭示了一种机制，可以改变交配雌性对气味和味道的感知，从而使她的选择适应她的生殖状态。使用模型果蝇果蝇，我们发现交配增加了雌性对特定有益营养素来源的兴趣：精胺和腐胺等多胺。体内的多胺水平由饮食、肠道微生物和自身合成来维持。怀孕和繁殖期间需要增加水平。事实上，交配过的雌性比处女更容易被多胺的味道和气味所吸引。我们发现这种行为调节是通过分泌肽及其受体来调节的，交配时其表达在感觉器官中显着升高。这种信号似乎会改变多胺味道或气味信息到达大脑的强度，并最终引发选择。鉴于哺乳动物和昆虫的气味和味觉处理相似，我们在苍蝇中的发现可以帮助我们更好地了解动态生理状态如何影响我们对环境的感知，并引导我们调整食物选择和其他相关决策。
A female’s reproductive state influences her perception of odors and tastes along with her changed behavioral state and physiological needs. The mechanism that modulates chemosensory processing, however, remains largely elusive. Using Drosophila, we have identified a behavioral, neuronal, and genetic mechanism that adapts the senses of smell and taste, the major modalities for food quality perception, to the physiological needs of a gravid female. Pungent smelling polyamines, such as putrescine and spermidine, are essential for cell proliferation, reproduction, and embryonic development in all animals. A polyamine-rich diet increases reproductive success in many species, including flies. Using a combination of behavioral analysis and in vivo physiology, we show that polyamine attraction is modulated in gravid females through a G-protein coupled receptor, the sex peptide receptor (SPR), and its neuropeptide ligands, MIPs (myoinhibitory peptides), which act directly in the polyamine-detecting olfactory and taste neurons. This modulation is triggered by an increase of SPR expression in chemosensory neurons, which is sufficient to convert virgin to mated female olfactory choice behavior. Together, our data show that neuropeptide-mediated modulation of peripheral chemosensory neurons increases a gravid female’s preference for important nutrients, thereby ensuring optimal conditions for her growing progeny. During pregnancy, women frequently report that their food preferences change—sometimes dramatically. This study unravels a mechanism that changes a mated female’s perception of odors and tastes and thereby adapts her food choices to her reproductive state. Food choices often correlate with nutritional needs or physiological states of an animal. For instance, during pregnancy, women frequently report that their food preferences change—sometimes dramatically. In part, this change in preference is brought about by a change in the perception of smells and tastes. Research has shown that female insects also change their food and egg-laying site preferences depending on their reproductive state. However, the mechanisms that trigger these changes are not understood in either mammals or insects. We have unraveled a mechanism that changes a mated female’s perception of odors and tastes and thereby adapts her choices to her reproductive state. Using the model fly Drosophila melanogaster, we show that mating increases females’ interest in sources of specific beneficial nutrients: polyamines such as spermine and putrescine. Polyamine levels in the body are maintained by diet, microorganisms in the gut, and own synthesis. Increased levels are required during pregnancy and reproduction. Indeed, mated females were more attracted to the taste and smell of polyamines than virgins were. We found that this behavioral modulation is regulated through a secreted peptide and its receptor, whose expression rises markedly in sensory organs upon mating. This signal appears to change the intensity of how polyamine taste or smell information reaches the brain and ultimately elicits a choice. Given that odor and taste processing in mammals and insects are similar, our findings in flies can lead to a better understanding of how dynamic physiological states affect our perception of the environment and lead us to adapt our choices of food and other relevant decisions.