Differences in the contributions of sex-linkage and androgen regulation to sex-biased gene expression in juvenile and adult sticklebacks.
Differences in the contributions of sex-linkage and androgen regulation to sex-biased gene expression in juvenile and adult sticklebacks.
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DOI：
10.1111/jeb.13662
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发表时间：
2020-06
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
J. Kitano;Ryo Kakioka;Asano Ishikawa;A. Toyoda;M. Kusakabe
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Kitano;Ryo Kakioka;Asano Ishikawa;A. Toyoda;M. Kusakabe
雄性和雌性之间不同的进化兴趣可以导致两性异形的进化。然而，由于共享基因组的两性遗传相关性可以限制性二态性的进化，导致基因座内的性冲突。解决这一冲突的机制之一是性连锁，它允许男性和女性在性染色体上携带不同的等位基因。另一种是导致性别偏向基因表达的调控突变，这通常是由脊椎动物的性腺类固醇介导的。这两种机制在解决场所内性冲突方面有何不同？性冲突的程度在青少年和成年阶段之间往往各不相同。由于性腺类固醇在发育过程中滴度的变化，我们假设性腺类固醇仅在某些发育阶段在性二型性表达中发挥作用，而性连锁对整个生命中的性二型性表达更重要。我们对青少年和成年三棘鱼的大脑转录组分析表明，在这两个阶段中性别偏向的大多数基因都是性连锁的。与青少年相比，成年人雄激素依赖性调节对性别偏倚转录组的相对贡献增加，而性连锁的相对贡献下降。性别差异的幅度是更大的性连锁基因比雄激素反应基因，这表明，性连锁是更有效的雄激素调节在生产中的大性别差异的基因表达。总的来说，我们的数据是一致的假设，即性连锁是有效的，在解决性冲突的整个生活，而雄激素依赖的调节可以有助于暂时解决性冲突。
Different evolutionary interests between males and females can lead to the evolution of sexual dimorphism. However, intersex genetic correlations due to the shared genome can constrain the evolution of sexual dimorphism, resulting in intra-locus sexual conflict. One of the mechanisms resolving this conflict is sex-linkage, which allows males and females to carry different alleles on sex chromosomes. Another is a regulatory mutation causing sex-biased gene expression, which is often mediated by gonadal steroids in vertebrates. How do these two mechanisms differ in the contributions to the resolution of intra-locus sexual conflict? The magnitude of sexual conflict often varies between the juvenile and adult stages. Because gonadal steroids change in titer during development, we hypothesized that gonadal steroids play a role in sexual dimorphism expression only at certain developmental stages, whereas sex-linkage is more important for sexual dimorphism expressed throughout life. Our brain transcriptome analysis of juvenile and adult threespine sticklebacks showed that the majority of genes that were sex-biased in both stages were sex-linked. The relative contribution of androgen-dependent regulation to the sex-biased transcriptome increased and that of sex-linkage declined in adults compared to juveniles. The magnitude of the sex differences was greater in sex-linked genes than androgen-responsive genes, suggesting that sex-linkage is more effective than androgen regulation in the production of large sex differences in gene expression. Overall, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that sex-linkage is effective in resolving sexual conflict throughout life, whereas androgen-dependent regulation can contribute to temporary resolution of sexual conflict.