Equine myodural bridges - An Anatomical and integrative/functional description of myodural bridges along the spine of horses: Special focus on the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial regions.
Equine myodural bridges - An Anatomical and integrative/functional description of myodural bridges along the spine of horses: Special focus on the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial regions.
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DOI：
10.18103/mra.v7i11.2005
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发表时间：
2019-11
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
V. Elbrønd
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
V. Elbrønd
引言：所谓的肌硬膜桥（MDB）连接枕下肌和硬脑膜，已在人类、犬类、小型反刍动物、猴子、啮齿动物、鼠海豚、鳄鱼、抹香鲸、鸡以及最近在马身上被描述。它们被认为具有生物力学功能，可能还在头/颈病理学以及脑脊液的泵送功能中起作用。到目前为止，这些桥在马身上仅就其解剖结构进行了简要描述，而且仅与埃勒斯 - 当洛斯综合征相关。因此，本研究的目的是调查并全面描述这一复合体在马脊柱中的解剖结构、生物力学以及整合情况，特别关注上颈部、颈胸段和腰骶段的过渡区域。这些区域的病理学在马身上已得到充分认识。
材料与方法：对马进行解剖，在多个解剖平面制备头部和脊柱，对头部进行磁共振扫描，并对寰枕（AO）和寰枢（AA）肌硬膜桥进行组织学研究。
结果：大体解剖观察表明，肌肉 - 膜 - 脊髓硬脑膜连接（MDB）在整个马脊柱中都很明显，并且在颈椎上部、颈胸段和腰骶段的过渡区域特别发达。在颈椎上部区域，头直肌（小直肌和大直肌）以及头后斜肌紧密附着于背侧椎间寰枕和寰枢膜。在腹侧膜表面有与硬脑膜的小梁连接。这两层膜在弹性纤维数量上有显著差异，这使它们具有不同的生物力学功能。寰枕肌硬膜桥的结构在磁共振扫描中清晰可见。
结论：与人类、其他哺乳动物、一种爬行动物以及一种鸟类一样，马也有肌硬膜桥，它与周围结构以及上颈部的生物力学紧密结合。此外，类似结构在整个脊柱中都存在。
Introduction: Socalled myodural bridges (MDB) linking the suboccipital muscles to the dura mater have been described in the human, canine, small ruminants, monkeys, rodents, porpoises, crocodiles, sperm whales, chickens and lately in equines. They are believed to have biomechanical functions and might also play a role in head/neck pathology and the pumping function of the cerebrospinal fluid. Up to now these bridges have only been described briefly in the horse in terms of their anatomy, and then only in relation to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate and thoroughly describe the anatomy, biomechanics and integration of this complex throughout the equine spine, with special focus on the upper neck, the cervicothoracic- and the lumbosacral transitions. Pathology in these regions is well recognized in horses. Material and methods: Horses were dissected, the heads and spine prepared in several anatomical planes, the heads MR-scanned and histology performed on the AO and AA MDBs. Results: Gross anatomical observations showed that muscle-membrane-spinal dura mater connections (MDB) were evident in the full equine columna vertebralis, and were specifically developed in the upper cervical, the cervicothoracic and the lumbosacral transitions. In the upper cervical region, the m. rectus capitis minor and major and the m. obl. cap caudalis attached tightly to the dorsal intervertebral AO and AA membranes. On the ventral membrane surface there was a trabecular connection to dura mater. The two membranes differed markedly in the amount of elastic fibers giving them different biomechanical function. The structures of the AO MDB were evident on the MRI scans. Conclusions: Horses, like humans, other mammals, a reptile and a bird to date, have myodural bridges, which are tightly integrated with surrounding structures as well as the biomechanics of the upper neck. In addition, similar structures are present throughout the whole spine.