Surfing the Wave, Cycle, Life History, and Genes/Proteins Expressed by Testicular Germ Cells. Part 4: Intercellular Bridges, Mitochondria, Nuclear Envelope, Apoptosis, Ubiquitination, Membrane/Voltage-Gated Channels, Methylation/Acetylation, and Transcription Factors
Surfing the Wave, Cycle, Life History, and Genes/Proteins Expressed by Testicular Germ Cells. Part 4: Intercellular Bridges, Mitochondria, Nuclear Envelope, Apoptosis, Ubiquitination, Membrane/Voltage-Gated Channels, Methylation/Acetylation, and Transcription Factors
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DOI：
10.1002/jemt.20785
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发表时间：
2010-04-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Smith, Charles E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hermo, Louis;Pelletier, R-Marc;Smith, Charles E.
当生殖细胞从精原细胞分裂和分化为精子时，它们具有许多结构和功能特征，这些特征是所有世代生殖细胞所共有的，本文讨论了这些特征。生殖细胞通过大的细胞间桥相互连接，这些桥用于将分子甚至大的细胞器从一个细胞的细胞质移动到另一个细胞。线粒体具有不同的形状和特征以及地形布置，以适应它们在精子发生期间的特定需要。核被膜和孔复合体也随着生殖细胞世代的发育而进行广泛的修饰。细胞凋亡是一种通常由生殖细胞触发的事件，涉及许多蛋白质。它的发生限制了生殖细胞库，并作为一种质量控制机制。泛素途径包括使靶蛋白泛素化以及去泛素化的酶，并且该途径存在于生殖细胞中并在生殖细胞中起作用。生殖细胞表达许多参与水平衡和pH控制以及电压门控离子通道运动的蛋白质。在细胞核中，蛋白质经历表观遗传修饰，包括甲基化、乙酰化和磷酸化，这些修饰中的每一个都发出染色质结构变化的信号。生殖细胞含有专门的转录复合物，协调精子发生的分化程序，并且在这种机制的组成部分中存在许多雄性生殖细胞特异性差异。生殖细胞的所有上述特征将沿着与每个主题Microsc相关的特定蛋白质/基因和生育异常进行讨论。Res. Tech. 73：364-408，2010（C）2009 Wiley-Liss Inc
As germ cells divide and differentiate from spermatogonia to spermatozoa, they share a number of structural and functional features that are common to all generations of germ cells and these features are discussed herein Germ cells are linked to one another by large intercellular bridges which serve to move molecules and even large organelles from the cytoplasm of one cell to another. Mitochondria take on different shapes and features and topographical arrangements to accommodate their specific needs during spermatogenesis. The nuclear envelope and pore complex also undergo extensive modifications concomitant with the development of germ cell generations. Apoptosis is an event that is normally triggered by germ cells and involves many proteins. It occurs to limit the germ cell pool and acts as a quality control mechanism. The ubiquitin pathway comprises enzymes that uthquitinate as well as deubiquitinate target proteins and this pathway is present and functional in germ cells. Germ cells express many proteins involved in water balance and pH control as well as voltage-gated ion channel movement. In the nucleus, proteins undergo epigenetic modifications which include methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation, with each of these modifications signaling changes in chromatin structure. Germ cells contain specialized transcription complexes that coordinate the differentiation program of spermatogenesis, and there are many male germ cell-specific differences in the components of this machinery. All of the above features of germ cells will he discussed along with the specific proteins/genes and abnormalities to fertility related to each topic Microsc. Res. Tech. 73:364-408, 2010 (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss Inc