Biology of the Marine Heterotrophic Dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina: Current Status and Future Directions.
Biology of the Marine Heterotrophic Dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina: Current Status and Future Directions.
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海洋异养甲藻 Oxyrris marina 的生物学：现状和未来方向
DOI：
10.3390/microorganisms1010033
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发表时间：
2013-10-21
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Lin S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Guo Z;Zhang H;Liu S;Lin S
异养甲藻是海洋环境中普遍存在的原生生物，在海洋浮游生物群落的碳循环和能量流动中起着重要作用。海洋尖刺藻（Oxyrrhis marina）是一种分布广泛的异养甲藻，是生态学、地理学和进化研究的模式种。尽管对该物种的研究工作越来越多，但缺乏对现有数据的综合和对该生物体的连贯描述。在这里，我们回顾了文献，提供了一个关于O。码头，并确定需要进一步研究的领域。作为甲藻科的一个早枝分支，O. marina与典型的腰鞭毛虫在永久浓缩的染色体、与其他真核生物相比较少丰富的核小体蛋白、多基因拷贝、核编码的mRNA中发生反式剪接、高度片段化的线粒体基因组以及不使用ATG作为线粒体基因的起始密码子等方面具有相似性。另一方面，O. Marina还表现出一些独特的细胞学特征（例如，不同的鞭毛结构、没有带和沟或脓疱、在有丝分裂中使用核内纺锤体、存在核斑和没有双折射周期性带状染色体结构）和遗传特征（例如，单个组蛋白样DNA相关蛋白、cob-cox 3基因融合、蛋白质编码基因的线粒体转录物中的5′寡核苷酸-U帽、mRNA编辑的缺失、转录后寡腺苷酸化产生的融合cob-cox 3 mRNA中存在终止密码子以及残留质体基因）。这种甲藻的最佳生物学研究可能是猎物和捕食者类型，其中包括广泛的生物体。另一方面，该物种在自然沃茨中的丰度及其控制因素、构成其不寻常的细胞学和生态学特征的基因组组织和基因表达调控是迫切需要研究的领域。
Heterotrophic dinoflagellates are prevalent protists in marine environments, which play an important role in the carbon cycling and energy flow in the marine planktonic community. Oxyrrhis marina (Dinophyceae), a widespread heterotrophic dinoflagellate, is a model species used for a broad range of ecological, biogeographic, and evolutionary studies. Despite the increasing research effort on this species, there lacks a synthesis of the existing data and a coherent picture of this organism. Here we reviewed the literature to provide an overview of what is known regarding the biology of O. marina, and identify areas where further studies are needed. As an early branch of the dinoflagellate lineage, O. marina shares similarity with typical dinoflagellates in permanent condensed chromosomes, less abundant nucleosome proteins compared to other eukaryotes, multiple gene copies, the occurrence of trans-splicing in nucleus-encoded mRNAs, highly fragmented mitochondrial genome, and disuse of ATG as a start codon for mitochondrial genes. On the other hand, O. marina also exhibits some distinct cytological features (e.g., different flagellar structure, absence of girdle and sulcus or pustules, use of intranuclear spindle in mitosis, presence of nuclear plaque, and absence of birefringent periodic banded chromosomal structure) and genetic features (e.g., a single histone-like DNA-associated protein, cob-cox3 gene fusion, 5′ oligo-U cap in the mitochondrial transcripts of protein-coding genes, the absence of mRNA editing, the presence of stop codon in the fused cob-cox3 mRNA produced by post-transcriptional oligoadenylation, and vestigial plastid genes). The best-studied biology of this dinoflagellate is probably the prey and predators types, which include a wide range of organisms. On the other hand, the abundance of this species in the natural waters and its controlling factors, genome organization and gene expression regulation that underlie the unusual cytological and ecological characteristics are among the areas that urgently need study.