Release of invasive plants from fungal and viral pathogens
Release of invasive plants from fungal and viral pathogens
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DOI：
10.1038/nature01317
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发表时间：
2003-02-06
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Power, AG
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mitchell, CE;Power, AG
入侵植物物种既威胁当地生物多样性，又经济代价高昂(1-5)，但只有少数归化物种成为害虫(2，4)。在这里，我们报告了对两个长期存在的假说的广泛的、定量的支持，这两个假说解释了为什么只有一些归化物种会产生巨大的影响。敌人释放假说认为，入侵者的影响是由于减少了天敌的攻击(2，4，6-10)。生物抗性假说认为，与本地物种的相互作用，包括天敌，限制了入侵者的影响(6-8)。我们测试了这些假设的病毒以及锈菌、黑粉菌和白粉病真菌，这些真菌感染了从欧洲移植到美国的473种植物。平均而言，与原生植物相比，每种植物在其归化范围内感染的真菌和病毒种类分别减少了84%和24%。此外，更完全从病原体中释放出来的入侵植物物种被更广泛地报告为农业和自然生态系统的有害入侵者。总而言之，这些结果有力地支持了敌人释放假说。在有害的农业杂草中，病原菌在其驯化范围内积累较多的物种具有较少的广泛毒性，支持生物抗性假说。我们的结果表明，入侵植物的影响可能是天敌释放和积累的函数，包括病原体。
Invasive plant species both threaten native biodiversity and are economically costly(1-5), but only a few naturalized species become pests(2,4). Here we report broad, quantitative support for two long-standing hypotheses that explain why only some naturalized species have large impacts. The enemy release hypothesis argues that invaders' impacts result from reduced natural enemy attack(2,4,6-10). The biotic resistance hypothesis argues that interactions with native species, including natural enemies, limit invaders' impacts(6-8). We tested these hypotheses for viruses and for rust, smut and powdery mildew fungi that infect 473 plant species naturalized to the United States from Europe. On average, 84% fewer fungi and 24% fewer virus species infect each plant species in its naturalized range than in its native range. In addition, invasive plant species that are more completely released from pathogens are more widely reported as harmful invaders of both agricultural and natural ecosystems. Together, these results strongly support the enemy release hypothesis. Among noxious agricultural weeds, species accumulating more pathogens in their naturalized range are less widely noxious, supporting the biotic resistance hypothesis. Our results indicate that invasive plants' impacts may be a function of both release from and accumulation of natural enemies, including pathogens.