Apologies, apology strategies, and apology forms for non-apologies in a spoken corpus
Apologies, apology strategies, and apology forms for non-apologies in a spoken corpus
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2013-03
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通讯作者：
S. Kitao;K. Kitao;S. キ. キタオ;ケンジ キタオ;北尾 S.キャスリーン;北尾 謙治
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作者：
S. Kitao;K. Kitao;S. キ. キタオ;ケンジ キタオ;北尾 S.キャスリーン;北尾 謙治
道歉在维持人际关系方面发挥着重要作用。当发生冒犯行为时，它们有助于修复关系，并且表明说话者认识到发生了冒犯行为并为此承担一定程度的责任。正如 Tronsborg (1995, p. 373) 所写，“当社会规范被违反时，就需要道歉……当一个人实施了某种行为（行动或言语）或没有这样做，而冒犯了另一个人，并且他/她可以为此承担责任时，犯罪者需要道歉。道歉的行为需要旨在‘纠正错误’的行动或言语。”道歉不仅包括通常被认为是一种道歉（例如“对不起”、“我道歉”等），但也可以是有助于修复关系的策略，例如提供修复、使用强化剂以及尽量减少冒犯。在各种情况下，道歉对于修复人际关系都非常重要。 Leech (1983)将道歉归类为一种欢乐的言语行为，即有助于实现维持关系和谐的社会目标的行为。当犯罪行为发生时，道歉可以产生强大的效果，减少对犯罪者的责备，并增加对未来关系的积极期望和意图。研究表明，即使在非常严重的情况下，例如医疗错误，道歉也可以减少诉讼的机会（Robbennolt，2008）。虽然绝大多数道歉并不涉及如此高的风险，但这确实证明了它们的重要性和力量。道歉很复杂，因为它们可以由一种策略组成，也可以由两种或多种策略的多种组合组成。这些策略的选择受到多种因素的影响。道歉可能很困难，因为通过道歉，说话者承担了一定程度的责任，降低了说话者的面子，在一定程度上谦卑了自己并承认了错误，但另一方面，文化与信息科学杂志，8(2), 1-13, (2013年3月)
Apologies play an important part in maintaining human relationships. They help repair relationships when an offense has been committed, and they show that the speaker recognizes that an offense has been committed and takes a degree of responsibility for it. As Tronsborg (1995, p. 373) wrote, “an apology is called for when social norms have been violated.... When a person has performed an act (action or utterance), or failed to do so, which has offended another person, and for which he/she can be held responsible, the offender needs to apologize. The act of apologizing requires an action or an utterance which is intended to ‘set things right.’” Apologies include not only what is normally thought of as an apology (e.g., “I’m sorry,” “I apologize,” etc.) but also strategies which can help in mending the relationship, such as offering a repair, using intensifiers, and minimizing the offense. Apologies are very important in repairing human relationships in a variety of situations. Leech (1983) classified apologizing as a convivial speech act, that is, one that helps achieve the social goal of maintaining harmony in a relationship. When an offense has been committed, apologies can have powerful effects, decreasing the blame attributed to the offender and increasing positive expectations and intentions for the future of the relationship. Research shows that even in very serious cases, such as those of medical errors, an apology can reduce the chances of a lawsuit (Robbennolt, 2008). While the vast majority of apologies do not involve such high stakes, this does demonstrate their importance and power. Apologies are complex, because they can consist of one strategy or one of a variety of combinations of two or more strategies. The choice of these strategies is influenced by a variety of factors. Apologizing can be difficult, because by apologizing, a speaker is taking a degree of responsibility, downgrading the speaker’s face, humbling him or herself to some degree and conceding a mistake, but on the other hand, Journal of Culture and Information Science, 8(2), 1-13, (March 2013)