A Tale of Two Diversifications: Reciprocal Habitat Shifts to Fill Ecological Space along the Pond Permanence Gradient
A Tale of Two Diversifications: Reciprocal Habitat Shifts to Fill Ecological Space along the Pond Permanence Gradient
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两种多样化的故事：沿着池塘永久性梯度，栖息地相互转变以填充生态空间
DOI：
10.1086/509045
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. McPeek
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Stoks;M. McPeek
在过去的1000万至1500万年里，Enallagma和Lestes豆娘都多样化并适应了北美池塘和湖泊中沿着池塘永久性梯度发现的各种生态环境。以前的文章已经探讨了Enallagma的多元化过程。在这篇文章中，我们提出了一个系统发育假说的北美Lestes，用这个假设来重建Lestes多样化，并比较Lestes和Enallagma推断的多样化过程。这项研究的结果表明，Lestes开始于大型蜻蜓是顶级捕食者的临时池塘，而Enallagma开始于鱼类是顶级捕食者的永久湖泊。从这些不同的祖先栖息地开始，两个属都入侵并适应了另一个属已经占据的栖息地。此外，这些适应性栖息地的转变涉及两个属中用于处理鱼类和捕食性鱼类的行为的实质性趋同，以及Lestes中从滞育到直接发育卵的主要生活史转变。然而，在Lestes谱系入侵鱼类湖泊，游泳速度和形态没有改变，以配合Enallagma物种，说明替代选择制度之间的相互转变不一定是进化的对立面。此外，更大的大小和增长率的Lestes物种相比，Enallagma物种，这应该赋予大量的生态优势，属之间的竞争，结果表明，从系统发育遗传，而不是从适应性多样化。这种多样化的历史分析提出了新的问题之间的关系的宏观进化机制，推动谱系多样化和生态机制结构的地方食物网和区域物种组合。
The Enallagma and Lestes damselflies have both diversified and adapted over the past 10–15 million years to the various ecological milieus found along the pond permanence gradient among North American ponds and lakes. Previous articles have explored this diversification process for Enallagma. In this article, we present a phylogenetic hypothesis for the North American Lestes, use this hypothesis to reconstruct Lestes diversification, and compare the diversification processes inferred for Lestes and Enallagma. The results of this study suggest that Lestes began in temporary ponds where large dragonflies are the top predators, while Enallagma began in permanent lakes where fish are the top predators. Starting from these different ancestral habitats, both genera have invaded and adapted to habitats already occupied by the other genus. Moreover, these adaptive habitat shifts involved substantial convergence on the behaviors used to deal with fish and dragonfly predation in both genera and a major life‐history shift from diapausing to directly developing eggs in Lestes. However, in Lestes lineages invading fish lakes, swimming speed and morphology did not change to match those of Enallagma species, illustrating that reciprocal shifts between alternative selection regimes are not necessarily evolutionary opposites. Also, the greater sizes and growth rates of Lestes species compared to Enallagma species, which should impart substantial ecological advantages in competition between the genera, were shown to result from phylogenetic inheritance and not from adaptive diversification. This historical analysis of diversification raises new questions about the relationship between the macroevolutionary mechanisms driving lineage diversification and the ecological mechanisms structuring local food webs and regional species assemblages.