Quantification of Enteric Viruses, Pathogen Indicators, and Salmonella Bacteria in Class B Anaerobically Digested Biosolids by Culture and Molecular Methods
Quantification of Enteric Viruses, Pathogen Indicators, and Salmonella Bacteria in Class B Anaerobically Digested Biosolids by Culture and Molecular Methods
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DOI：
10.1128/aem.02685-09
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发表时间：
2010-10-01
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Xagoraraki, Irene
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Wong, Kelvin;Onan, Brandon M.;Xagoraraki, Irene
美国最常见的 B 类生物固体是通过嗜温厌氧消化 (MAD) 产生的，MAD 生物固体已用于土地应用。然而，MAD 生物固体中的病原体水平仍不清楚，特别是肠道病毒。在本研究中，我们测定了 12 个 MAD 生物固体样品中肠道病毒和指标以及 6 个 MAD 生物固体样品中肠道沙门氏菌的出现情况和定量水平。为了进行比较，本研究还包括三个脱水生物固体样品。人类腺病毒（HAdV）的基因水平最高，并且比其他肠道病毒更频繁地被检测到。报道的诺如病毒（NV）的基因水平与肠道病毒（EV）和人类多瘤病毒（HPyV）的基因水平相当。 MAD样品中HAdV、HAdV种F、EV、NV GI、NV GII和HPyV的出现百分比分别为83%、83%、42%、50%、75%和58%。未检测到甲型肝炎病毒。传染性 HAdV 的检测频率高于传染性 EV，并且当样本在 A549 细胞中增殖时，所有传染性 HAdV 均被检测到。根据最大可能数 (MPN) 分析，A549 细胞比 BGM 细胞更容易受到生物固体相关病毒的影响。 MAD 生物固体中的所有指示剂水平约为每克（干）104 MPN 或 PFU，并且脱水生物固体的指示剂水平显着高于 MAD 生物固体。只有两个 MAD 样本的肠沙门氏菌检测呈阳性，其浓度低于 1.0 MPN/4 g。这项研究对 MAD 生物固体中不同肠道病毒的流行情况进行了广泛比较，并报告了首次在 B 类生物固体中检测到诺如病毒。 MAD 生物固体中观察到的高定量和感染性水平的腺病毒表明，腺病毒是评估污泥处理效率的良好指标。
The most common class B biosolids in the United States are generated by mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD), and MAD biosolids have been used for land application. However, the pathogen levels in MAD biosolids are still unclear, especially with respect to enteric viruses. In this study, we determined the occurrence and the quantitative levels of enteric viruses and indicators in 12 MAD biosolid samples and of Salmonella enterica in 6 MAD biosolid samples. Three dewatered biosolid samples were also included in this study for purposes of comparison. Human adenoviruses (HAdV) had the highest gene levels and were detected more frequently than other enteric viruses. The gene levels of noroviruses (NV) reported were comparable to those of enteroviruses (EV) and human polyomaviruses (HPyV). The occurrence percentages of HAdV, HAdV species F, EV, NV GI, NV GII, and HPyV in MAD samples were 83, 83, 42, 50, 75, and 58%, respectively. No hepatitis A virus was detected. Infectious HAdV was detected more frequently than infectious EV, and all infectious HAdV were detected when samples were propagated in A549 cells. Based on most-probable-number (MPN) analysis, A549 cells were more susceptible to biosolid-associated viruses than BGM cells. All indicator levels in MAD biosolids were approximately 104 MPN or PFU per gram (dry), and the dewatered biosolids had significantly higher indicator levels than the MAD biosolids. Only two MAD samples tested positive for Salmonella enterica, where the concentration was below 1.0 MPN/4 g. This study provides a broad comparison of the prevalence of different enteric viruses in MAD biosolids and reports the first detection of noroviruses in class B biosolids. The observed high quantitative and infectivity levels of adenoviruses in MAD biosolids indicate that adenovirus is a good indicator for the evaluation of sludge treatment efficiency.