THEORY OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
THEORY OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
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DOI：
10.1103/physrev.108.1175
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发表时间：
1957-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
SCHRIEFFER, JR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
BARDEEN, J;COOPER, LN;SCHRIEFFER, JR
本文提出了一种超导理论，它是基于这样一个事实：当电子态之间的能量差小于声子能量时，由声子虚交换引起的电子之间的相互作用是吸引的。当这种吸引相互作用超过排斥屏蔽库仑相互作用时，有利于超导相的形成。正常相由Bloch单个粒子模型描述。超导体的基态是由正常态构型的线性组合形成的，其中电子实际上是以相反的自旋和动量对被激发的，其能量比正常态低，与平均值（ω ω）2成比例，与同位素效应一致。一个相互正交的一组激发态在一对一的对应关系，与正常的相位是通过指定占领某些布洛赫状态，并通过使用其余的虚拟对配置的线性组合。该理论产生了一个二级相变和一个迈斯纳效应的形式提出的皮帕德。比热和穿透深度的计算值及其随温度的变化与实验值符合得很好。单个粒子激发的能隙从约3。在T= 0时为5k Tc，在Tc时为零。给出了用于微扰展开和跃迁几率计算的激发态超导波函数间单粒子算符的矩阵元表。
A theory of superconductivity is presented, based on the fact that the interaction between electrons resulting from virtual exchange of phonons is attractive when the energy difference between the electrons states involved is less than the phonon energy, ℏ ω. It is favorable to form a superconducting phase when this attractive interaction dominates the repulsive screened Coulomb interaction. The normal phase is described by the Bloch individual-particle model. The ground state of a superconductor, formed from a linear combination of normal state configurations in which electrons are virtually excited in pairs of opposite spin and momentum, is lower in energy than the normal state by amount proportional to an average (ℏ ω) 2, consistent with the isotope effect. A mutually orthogonal set of excited states in one-to-one correspondence with those of the normal phase is obtained by specifying occupation of certain Bloch states and by using the rest to form a linear combination of virtual pair configurations. The theory yields a second-order phase transition and a Meissner effect in the form suggested by Pippard. Calculated values of specific heats and penetration depths and their temperature variation are in good agreement with experiment. There is an energy gap for individual-particle excitations which decreases from about 3. 5 k T c at T= 0 K to zero at T c. Tables of matrix elements of single-particle operators between the excited-state superconducting wave functions, useful for perturbation expansions and calculations of transition probabilities, are given.