Inferring the structure and dynamics of interactions in schooling fish
Inferring the structure and dynamics of interactions in schooling fish
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1107583108
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发表时间：
2011-11-15
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Couzin, Iain D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Katz, Yael;Tunstrom, Kolbjorn;Couzin, Iain D.
确定控制动物群体或细胞聚集体中高度协调运动的个体水平的相互作用一直是一个长期存在的挑战，对于理解集体行为的机制和进化至关重要。已经提出了许多模型，其中许多模型显示了逼真的动态，但仍然依赖于未经测试的假设，即个人如何整合信息来指导运动。在这里，我们直接从实验数据中推断出行为规则。我们开始，通过分析的轨迹的黄金shiners（Notemigonus crysoleucas）在两条鱼和三条鱼的浅滩游泳映射的平均有效力作为鱼的位置和速度的函数。超速和转弯反应是动态调节和清晰描绘的。速度调节是鱼类相互作用的主要组成部分，速度的变化会传递给后面和前面的鱼。由于吸引力和排斥力的作用，鱼会倾向于模仿前面的鱼所做的方向改变。我们没有发现明显的身体取向匹配的证据。通过比较两条鱼和三条鱼的浅滩数据，我们挑战标准的假设，普遍存在的物理启发模型的集体行为，即个人运动的结果，从平均响应每个邻居分别考虑，三体相互作用作出了重大贡献的鱼类动力学。然而，成对的相互作用定性捕捉正确的空间相互作用结构在小团体，这种结构持续在较大的群体10和30条鱼。这里揭示的相互作用可能有助于解释速度和方向的快速变化，使真实的动物群体能够保持凝聚力并放大重要的社会信息。
Determining individual-level interactions that govern highly coordinated motion in animal groups or cellular aggregates has been a long-standing challenge, central to understanding the mechanisms and evolution of collective behavior. Numerous models have been proposed, many of which display realistic-looking dynamics, but nonetheless rely on untested assumptions about how individuals integrate information to guide movement. Here we infer behavioral rules directly from experimental data. We begin by analyzing trajectories of golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas) swimming in two-fish and three-fish shoals to map the mean effective forces as a function of fish positions and velocities. Speeding and turning responses are dynamically modulated and clearly delineated. Speed regulation is a dominant component of how fish interact, and changes in speed are transmitted to those both behind and ahead. Alignment emerges from attraction and repulsion, and fish tend to copy directional changes made by those ahead. We find no evidence for explicit matching of body orientation. By comparing data from two-fish and three-fish shoals, we challenge the standard assumption, ubiquitous in physics-inspired models of collective behavior, that individual motion results from averaging responses to each neighbor considered separately; three-body interactions make a substantial contribution to fish dynamics. However, pair wise interactions qualitatively capture the correct spatial interaction structure in small groups, and this structure persists in larger groups of 10 and 30 fish. The interactions revealed here may help account for the rapid changes in speed and direction that enable real animal groups to stay cohesive and amplify important social information.